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Biology Daisy > CB3 Genetics > Flashcards

CB3 Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Fertilisation

A

The process where two gametes fuse their dna together to produce a zygote

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2
Q

Meiosis

A

4 daughter cells made
Cell divides two times
Daughter cells made have 23 chromosomes (haploid)
Cells made are not genetically identical

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3
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A

Variation in population

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4
Q

Disadvantage of sexual reproduction

A

Needs to find a mate

Animals who have small population would struggle to find a mate

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5
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction

A

Does not need to find a mate

A rapid reproductive cycle

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6
Q

Disadvantage of asexual reproduction

A

No variation in population

- could all be wiped out by one disease

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7
Q

Differences between meiosis and mitosis - identical and varied

A

Mitosis - cells are genetically identical

Meiosis - cells are varied

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8
Q

Differences between meiosis and mitosis - daughter cells

A

Mitosis - 2 diploid

Meiosis - 4 haploid

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9
Q

Differences between meiosis and mitosis - which cells

A

Mitosis - all normal body cells

Meiosis - sperm and egg cells - gametes

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10
Q

Differences between meiosis and mitosis - what are they needed for?

A

Mitosis - growth and repair

Meiosis - sexual reproduction

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11
Q

Where is the genetic material found in cells?

A

The nucleus

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12
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a particular protein

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13
Q

Allele

A

A different version of the same gene

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14
Q

What are the complementary bass pairs?

A

Adenine - thymine

Guanine - cytosine

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15
Q

What is the shape of dna?

A

Two strands coiled together in the shape of a double helix

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16
Q

What are the complementary base pairs joined together by?

A

Weak hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

Chromosomes

A

Long lengths of tightly coiled up DNA. They are found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

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18
Q

What is the backbone of dna made out of?

A

Sugar phosphate backbone

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19
Q

Phenotype

A

How your characteristics appear, your physical features

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20
Q

Homozygous

A

Two alleys which are the same

TT tt

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21
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two alleles that are different

Tt

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22
Q

DNA

A

The genetic material – a polymer made of sugar and

phosphate groups joined to bases.

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23
Q

Diploid

A

Cells which contain the full normal number of chromosomes

– 46 in total.

24
Q

Haploid

A

Cells which contain half the normal number of chromosomes

– 23 in total.

25
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilised egg cell.

26
Q

Mutation

A

A mistake in a gene caused by an error in the DNA.

27
Q

Gamete

A

Sex cells – sperm and egg.

28
Q

Genotype

A

The alleles you inherit from your parents e.g. Aa or GG.

29
Q

Dominant and recessive alleles

A

Dominant alleles overrule recessive alleles, so if an organism has a one dominant and one recessive allele the dominant one will determine the characteristic

30
Q

Mono hybrid inheritance

A

The inheritance of a single characteristic

31
Q

What are the male and female alleles?

A 
XY = Male
XX= Female
32
Q

Discontinuous / discrete data

A

Consists of specific values with nothing in between

33
Q

Example of discontinuous data

A

Blood type , earlobes attached or not

34
Q

Continuous data

A

Can have any value between two extremes

35
Q

Example of continuous data

A

Height, weight and IQ

36
Q

Normal distribution curve

A

When we plot a graph of continuous data we often get a particular shape - it shows that most people fall in the middle with fewer individuals at the extremes

37
Q

Genetic variation

A

Caused by the DBA found in cells which is unique to each individual as a result of mutation or sexual reproduction

38
Q

Environmental variation

A

Acquired characteristics are caused by the influences of the environment an individual is in

39
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Allows red blood cells to carry oxygen around the body

40
Q

Insulin

A

Picks up glucose in the blood and forces it either into cells for respiration or stores it in the liver on the form of glycogen

41
Q

Mutation

A

A change in the sequence of bases in the genetic code

42
Q

Aims of the human genome project

A
  • To work out the order and sequence of the 3 billion base pairs in the human genome
  • to identify all the genes
  • to develop faster methods for sequencing dna
43
Q

Benefits of the human genome

A

Improved genetic screening
location of genes - might be linked to increased chances of disease
New gene therapy tech
New knowledge of how humans have evolved
Personalised medicines

44
Q

How are the two strands of dna linked together?

A

By a series of complementary base pairs joined together by weak hydrogen bonds

45
Q

Genome

A

The entire dna of an organism

46
Q

How do you extract dna from fruit? Method

A

Mash strawberries - put into beaker with detergent and salt-mix
Filter the mixture to get the frith and insoluble bits of cell out
Add ice cold alcohol to the filtered mixture
The dna should start to come out of solution - not soluble in alcohol
Fish it out with a glass rod

47
Q

What does the detergent do when extracting the dna?

A

Breaks down the cell membranes to release the dna

48
Q

What will the salt do when extracting the dna?

A

The salt will make the dna stick together

49
Q

What will the dna look like when extracted?

A

White stringy precipitate -solid -

50
Q

Dominant

A

Capital letter

They overrule recessive alleles

51
Q

Recessive

A

Small letter

Both alleles must be recessive to show the recessive characteristic

52
Q

Gamete

A

Sperm and egg

Contain only 23 chromosomes- haploid cells

53
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilised egg - contains a full set of chromosomes 46- diploid

54
Q

How is the sex off the offspring determined?

A

Female - XX

Male- XY

55
Q

What is genetic variation caused by?

A

Organisms having different alleles which can lead to differences in phenotype
Can also be caused by new alleles arising through mutations
Sexual reproduction

56
Q

Mutations effect

A

Don’t always have a big effects on the phenotype
They can sometime alter an individuals characteristics
Rarely a single mutation can have a large effect on phenotype

Biology Daisy (12 decks)

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