Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cfe - Higher Biology > Key area 1.1 & 1.2 > Flashcards

Key area 1.1 & 1.2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the repeating units that make up DNA

A

Nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are DNA nucleotides comprised of

A

Phosphate
Deoxyribose sugar
Base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does a sugar phosphate bond do?

A

A sugar phosphate bond links the phosphate of one nucleotide to the deoxyribose of the next nucleotide to form the sugar phosphate backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is DNA

A

DNA is the genetic code for all living things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What joins the complementary base pairs together inbetween nucleotides

A

Hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why can DNA be described as anti-parallel

A

It’s strands run in opposite directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the 3 prime end in?

&

What does the 5 prime end in?

A

3 prime - sugar

5 prime - phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where would DNA be found in prokaryotic cells

A

Large circular chromosomes and smaller rings of DNA called plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where would DNA be found in a eukaryotic cell

A

Linear chromosomes found in the nucleus

And

Small circles of DNA found in their chloroplast or mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is DNA packaged inside a eukaryotic cell

And

Why is it packaged in this way

A

DNA is packaged around bundles of protein. This is to stop it from getting tangled and so it fits inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What shape is DNA

A

Double stranded helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does replication mean

A

Replication is the process by which DNA makes an exact copy of itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why can DNA replication be described as semi-conservative

A

DNA has one original strand and one new strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is DNA replication important

A

DNA replication is important for growth and repair.

For growth DNA must be able to pass on an exact copy of itself during mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a replication fork

A

A replication fork is the area where the hydrogen bonds between bases are broken and the bases are exposed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the requirements for DNA replication

A

Primers
Free nucleotides
Enzymes (DNA Polymerase, ligase)
ATP

17
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase

A

DNA polymerase is the enzyme that joins complementary nucleotides to the 3 prime end

18
Q

What is a primer

A

Shorts bits of DNA complementary to the DNA being copied

19
Q

Describe the process of replication of the leading strand

A
  1. Hydrogen bonds between bases are broken leaving the bases exposed

The point where the bases are exposed is called the replication fork

  1. Primers attach complementary base pairs to the 3’ end of DNA

Free nucleotides align themselves to the rest of the exposed bases on the 3’ stand

  1. DNA polymerase catalyses the formation of the sugar phosphate bond between the 3’ end of the primer and the aligned free nucleotides
  2. DNA polymerase moves along the 3’ strand continuously adding nucleotides
20
Q

Describe the process of replication of the lagging strand

A

(Already occurred)

  1. Hydrogen bonds broken bases are exposed

Replication fork is where the bases are broken

(Replication of lagging strand)

  1. Many primers attach along the strand.

DNA polymerase attaches nucleotides to these primers to form fragments

  1. The fragments are joined by the enzyme ligase
21
Q

What strand is described as continuous and what strand is described as discontinuous

A

Continuous - 3’

Discontinuous - 5’

22
Q

What does PCR stand for and why is it used

A

PCR stands for polymerase chain reaction and it is used for DNA amplification

23
Q

Name some uses for PCR

A
  • Paternity testing
  • testing for genetic diseases
  • identifying suspects from blood or semen
24
Q

Describe the process of PCR

A

1) DNA is heated to 93 degrees to separate the stands by breaking weak hydrogen bonds
2) DNA is cooled to 55 degrees to allow the complementary primer to bind to specific sequence. This is know as annealing
3) temperature is them increased to 70 degrees and heat tolerant DNA polymerase is used to add nucleotides to the primers therefore replication section of DNA

25
Q

Why does the DNA polymerase I’m PCR need to be heat tolerant

A

So it doesn’t denature

26
Q

Name the two controls used in PCR

A

Negative control

Positive control

27
Q

What is a negative control and why is it used

A

A negative control contains no DNA template.

Checks there is no contamination of the tubes

28
Q

What is a positive control and why is it used

A

A positive control contains a DNA template that is guaranteed to be amplified

It is used to verify negative amplification results

Cfe - Higher Biology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions