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Mod 11: Systems > Kevin's Questions > Flashcards

Kevin's Questions Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

What is the major zonal area of the left hand wing?

A

500

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2
Q

Define damage tolerant design

A

The damage tolerance principle requires that any aircraft damage is detected, and repaired before the strength is below a minimum level.

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3
Q

Define Fail-safe system

A

The fail-safe design principle uses multiple load paths to ensure structural integrity.

If one load path cracks completely through or sustains accidental damage, the remaining load paths carry the additional loads

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4
Q

A wing leading edge is what type of structure?

A

Secondary structure

'’The secondary construction generally gives the aerodynamic shape to the
aircraft construction.’’

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5
Q

Where would you find information on leveling an aircraft? (ATA chapter)

A

ATA chapter 08 - leveling & weighing

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6
Q

How is the radome of an aicraft protected against lightening strikes?

A

Glassfibers, both woven into cloth and packed into loose mat and roving, have been reinforced with polyester resins and used for radomes,

Aluminium wires may be woven in

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7
Q

What is a longeron?

A

A longeron is similar to a stringer.

A longeron is a longitudinal member running the full length of the fuselage

(Stringer is like a smaller longeron)

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8
Q

What is shear stress?

A

A shear stress tries to slide an object apart.

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9
Q

What type of structure is widely used on modern day commercial aircraft?

A

Semi-monocoque

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10
Q

What’s the purpose of fiberglass barrier between carbon-graphite and aluminium

A

A barrier, such as a layer of fiberglass should be used to prevent a galvanic potential between the carbon/graphite and aluminium.

This will occur as lightning strike protection

A fine aluminium screen may be laminated to carbon/graphite and a layer of fiberglass must prevent a galvanic potential

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11
Q

What parts of a semi-monocoque structure protect it against bending forces

A

Longerons and stringers protect against bending forces

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12
Q

What surfaces assist the aileron at the beginning of a turn

A

The flight spoilers on the wing with the up-aileron automaically extend to assist

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13
Q

Why are slots not used on high speed aircraft

A
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14
Q

What is the name of the trailing edge of the wing that acts as ailerons and elevators?

A

Elevons

Frequently used on delta wings (picture)

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15
Q

Spoilers are used assemetrically with what control surface

A

ailerons

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16
Q

What way do the control surfaces move if you move the control wheel to the left

A

Aileron on the left side moves up and spoilers do also to assist

Aileron on right side moves down slighly
(differential ailerons)

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17
Q

What is a canard and what control does it give the aircraft

A

Any aircraft that has the equivalent of two lifting surfaces, instead of the conventional horizontal stabiliser that provides a down load, can be classified as a canard

The canard is the forward surface and frequently also a control surface

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18
Q

What direction does an anti-servo tab move in relation to the control surface

A

Same direction

(Anti-servo tab is the same as anti-balance tab)

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19
Q

What is the function of flaps and leading edge devices

A

Leading edge devices (slots and slats re-energise boundary layer) serve to allow the aircraft to fly at high angles of attack (25^) and slow speeds without stalling

Flaps increase the camber of the wing (and sometimes area), allowing a lower stall speed and better lift

(note: slats also increase camber of wing)

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20
Q

What is an anti-servo’s tab linkage connected to?

A

The fixed end of the linkage is on the opposite side of the surface from the horn on the tab, and when the trailing edge of the stabilator moves up, the linkage forces the trailing edge of the tab up. When the stabilator moves down, the tab also moves down.

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21
Q

A stabilator is designed to pivot about a point where?

A

This is a single piece horizontal surface that pivots about a point approximately one third of the way back from the leading edge.

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22
Q

High speed flight range of above mach 5 is called what?

A

Hypersonic

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23
Q

What happens air at supersonic speed?

A

3 Pressure waves form:

  1. Normal shock wave
  2. Expansion waves
  3. Oblique shock waves

(needs more work)

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24
Q

What happens to the air as it passes through a supersonic venturi? (velocity, pressure, density)?

A

It is dependent on temperature

Velocity decreases

Pressure increases

Density increases

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25
How do you increase the critical mach number of an aircraft?
Sweep the wings back
26
As an aircraft moves through a transonic region, what happens to the CP (Centre of Pressure)?
Goes rearward (pushed back by shockwave) -Cuases a nose down tendancy
27
What control surface controls about the vertical axis?
Rudder
28
What type of tab decreases the forces on a control surface?
Balance tab (Difference between balance tab and servo tab: Balance tab reduces the force needed to move a primary control surface Servo tab aerodynamically assists or provides the force for moving a primary flight control
29
The elevator provides control about which axis?
Lateral axis
30
Define the mach number
Mach Number = speed of aircraft / speed of sound
31
Where does an increase in temperature take place in the Air Cycle Machine?
Compressor ''The compressor increases the pressure and the temperature of the air to improve the efficiency of the heat exchanger.''
32
What is the purpose of ''chemical milling''?
Stringers and skin are made from one piece to give it additional strength
33
Give another name for a Krueger flap
Leading edge flap
34
State the purpose of aerodynamic balancing
The weight (horn) is ahead of the leading edge and when deflected moves into the wind to help deflect control surface even further
35
What type of air conditioning system uses a refrigerant?
Vapor cycle system (Air conditioning system used in older aircraft)
36
What is the cooling medium used for the heat exchangers in an air conditioning pack?
Ram air
37
State the major difference between ground and flight spoilers
All spoilers are ground spoilers when landing gear (weight) is on ground. However, only some spoilers are flight spoilers
38
What is a cantilever wing design?
A cantilever wing design has no external struts or bracing. It only has internal braces
39
What is the purpose of the turbine in the air cycle machine?
The turbine takes away energy from the air, with which the compressor and cooling (Suction) fan is driven. Due to this, the air will cool off further.
40
Give an example of lightning strike protection
Bonding strips, screws or grounding lugs fitted between metallic assemblies.
41
When are external drain valves open?
External drain valves are always open
42
What is a canard?
Any aircraft that has the equivalent of two lifting surfaces, instead of the conventional horizontal stabiliser that provides a down load, can be classified as a canard. The canard is the forward surface, and frequently is also a control surface.
43
What determines the speed of sound in a supersonic venturi?
Temperature ''The speed of sound is determined completely by the temperature of the air It decreases (Km/h) as temperature decreases ie as altitude increases ''
44
What is the effect of a Sweepback wing?
A sweptback wing increases the critical Mach number of an aircraft
45
Define damage tolerant design?
Damage tolerant design allows damage to occur once it is inspected and repaired at a set interval before it compomises aircraft safety
46
What is the structural classification of Nacelles?
Secondary structure
47
Explain Body Station number?
Measured from in front of the nose of the aircraft parallel to the y-z plane and perpendicular to the floor of the aircraft. It is measured at some point in front of the nose to the tail and is measured in inches or cm
48
What is a plug type door?
A a plug type door is bigger than the door jamb it is designed to fit into
49
What aircraft windows are heated?
Cockpit windows are heated to increase flexibility, prevent ice building up or from fogging over.
50
What are the 4 functions of a pylon?
51
What valve controls the air flow to the air con packs?
Flow control valve (Pack valve)
52
Where does the air from the air conditioning system come from?
Primary source = Engine bleed air Secondary source = APU or Pneumatic ground cart
53
What happens when the emergency RAM air pushbutton is actuated?
If the RAM air pushbutton is actuated, the outflow valves open to discharge the cabin pressure and the ram air door opens to allow ram air flow through the cockpit and cabin (has to be \<1 psi differential to be actuated to prevent rapid depressurisation)
54
How is ground conditioned air fed to the aircraft?
A mobile air conditioning unit or an air conditioning ground network installed on some airports is used to feed ground conditioned air
55
What is the advantage of using ground conditioned air?
It bypasses the pack systems so there is no need for bleed air for them to be running (i.e engines + APU dont need to run) It is more economical The Pneumatic connection is mainly used for maintenance only
56
In the air conditioning system, where does the heat energy change to kinetic energy?
Turbine (energy used to drive compressor and cooling fan) This loss of energy also cools air further
57
What is the purpose of the turbine bypass valve?
It works in conjunction with the RAM air inlet door to control pack output temperature to manifold
58
What happens when the turbine bypass valve moves to the closed position and what happens when it moves to the open position?
If turbine bypass valve closes, the RAM air inlet door will open as much as possible ensuring the coldest air temperature is output by pack If turbine bypass valve is open, RAM air inlet door will close as much as possible producing the warmest possible air from pack system
59
What is the purpose of the trim air valve?
Adds hot trim air to the conditioned air from the pack system to increase air temperature. Trim air is directly from engine bleed air #trim air valves = #zones (cockpit, aft cabin etc)
60
How many trim air valves are installed on an aircraft?
There is 1 trim air valve for every zone of the aircraft
61
What is the location of a trim air valve?
Downstream of the pack
62
What is the function of the Air Cycle Machine (ACM) ?
The overall function of the ACM is to improve efficiency of the system Turbine which drives a compressor and a fan Compressor increases pressure and temperature to improve efficiency Turbine converts heat energy from the air into kinetic energy, which cools the air Cooling dan which draws in air during lowspeed and on the ground
63
What are the components of an Air Cycle Machine (ACM)
* Turbine (Heat energy to kinetic energy) * Compressor (compresses air increasing temp & pressure) * Cooling fan (draws in RAM air on ground and at low speeds)
64
Where does the pack anti-ice valve prevent icing ? (2 places)
At the exit of the ACM, at the turbine 1. The turbine decreases the temperature of the air and it's outlet can theoretically go below 0 degrees 2. Downstream of the water seperator
65
What kind of a switch is the switch for a pack valve? (how controlled, how operated)
Electrically controlled, pneumatically operated Variable switch for pack valve (flow control valve) in the cockpit which has high, low or norm
66
What component absorbs heat from the aircraft cabin in the Vapor Cycle System?
Evaporator - evaporates refrigerant (Tetrafluorethane /R134A /R12) as it absorbs heat into it.
67
What's the purpose of the thermostatic expansion valve in the vapor cycle system?
Regulates the amount of liquid refrigerant (Tetrafluorethane/ R134A/R12) flowing into the evaporator
68
What is the purpose of the blow out panels on an aircraft?
Blow out panels are fitted in the floor between passenger and cargo compartments in order to prevent excessive differences in pressure occuring between these areas
69
What component controls cabin pressure?
The Outflow valve(s)
70
What component prevents cabin altitude from becoming higher than aircraft altitude?
Negative Relief Pressure valve or vacuum relief valve
71
What position is the outflow valve in during and after landing?
Fully open It equalises pressure inside and outside cabin Also, so the aircraft doesn't have to withstand pressurisation and landing loads during landing
72
What component sends signals to the outflow valve?
2 electrical motors AC motor for automatic mode - cabin pressure controller DC motor for manual mode - switch inside the cockpit
73
What's the limit of the cabin altitude during pressurisation.
(VSI) Cabin altitude climb rate = 500 ft/min max Cabin altitude cruise = 8,000 ft (VSI) Cabin altitude descent rate = 300 ft/min max
74
What are the pressurisation indications in the cockpit (3)
1. Cabin altitude indicator (max 8,000ft) 2. Cabin differential pressure indicator 3. (VSI) Cabin altiitude vertical speed indicator (ascent 500 ft/min max, descent 300 ft/min max) (Also position of outflow valve display/PRESS Refief warning light)
75
How does the negative relief valve protect the structure?
Equalises a possible negative pressure difference during descent i.e outside air pressure increases faster than the pressure in the cabin Allows greater pressure outside aircraft into cabin
76
What components are contained within the safety relief valve?
1. Positive Pressure relief valve 2. Negative Pressure Relief valve ( vacuum relief valve)
77
What is the sequence of events if you get negative differential in the descent?
1. Negative Pressure relief valve (vacuum relief) will open to add pressure inside the cabin 2. PRESS RELIEF warning light will display in cockpit for as long as pressure relief valve is open
78
What happens when the ditching switch is pressed?
Ditching switch will cause all outflow valves to close prior to landing on water (It is a guarded switch)
79
What happens when the cabin altitude reaches 10,000 ft?
An intermittent warning sound will sound in the cockpit if the cabin altitude exceeds 10,000ft The warning sound can be stopped by pressing the horn cutout P/B on the indication panel
80
What is the output of an AC generator?
115/200V 3 phase 400Hz 75 kVa (40 - 90 kVa)
81
What type of electricity is caused by the movement of electrons?
Current electricity is caused by the movement of electrons
82
How is current created in a self-excited generator?
Generator fields are self-excited This means that the field current comes from the armature \*Field current is the current supplied to the field windings of a generator or motor to establish the magnetic field for it's operation.
83
Where are the electromagnetic poles located on a DC generator?
The **frame** of a typrical aircraft DC generator has four electromagntic poles
84
How is differential protection of an electrical system (generator) accomplished?
Two 3-phase current transformers located in the generator * One reads current to the ground (neutral) * One reads generator current and current to power consumers If either is off, this indicates a problem and the generator excitation field is turned off
85
What is the purpose of the attachment frames on a vertical stabiliser?
The vertical stabiliser is normally bolted to the top centre of special reinforced frames of the tail fuselage section. The vertical fin is bolted to fitting-brackets to facilitate removal and installation
86
What type of metal is galvanising used to protect from corrosion?
Some steel parts such as fire walls are galvanised by coating them with **zinc**
87
Which aircraft windows are heated?
Cockpit windshields are heated to improve flexibility, prevent ice and stop fogging over. Cockpit side windows are heated against fogging over.
88
The acryllic windows must be able to flex in situ because of what quality?
Coefficient of expansion
89
Which cabin window has a hole in it & why?
There is a small ventilation hole in the inside window to allow adjustment for pressure differences between the inside and the outside window Also there if outer pane fails, will allow some pressure on the inner window out
90
What is the purpose of a rib?
Gives aerodynamic shape and rigidity
91
Why is the wing subjected to torsional stress
Centre of pressure moves along the chord
92
What is special about a cantilever wing
Does not need any external struts or braces Only has internal bracing
93
Where is the centre of gravity in relation to the centre of pressure
Centre of gravity is ahead of the centre of pressure (gives nose down attitude without engines)
94
What kind of loads are wings subjected to in flight and on ground
In flight = upper wing - compression lower wing - tension Ground = upper wing - tension lower wing - compression
95
What components make up an empennage?
The empennage of an aircraft is the assembly of tail surfaces that are used for both control and for stability. Horizontal and Vertical stabiliser
96
What are the main structural parts of the vertical stabiliser?
Dorsal fin Ribs & Spars Stressed skin
97
How is the vertical stabiliser attached to the aircraft?
The vertical stabiliser is normally bolted to the top centre of special reinforced frames of the tail fuselage section
98
What is the purpose of mass balancing flight control surfaces
A mass (or weight) is placed in front of a hinge or control surface. This gives the surface better stability in flight Mass balancing is designed to **prevent flutter** on control surfaces
99
What flight control surfaces are balanced
All the primary flight control surfaces (ailerons, rudder, elevator)
100
Where is the centre of gravity on a flight control surface
Hinge line
101
What causes control surface flutter
Flutter is a vibration of the control surface which is often experienced at high speeds. It is caused by pressure disturbances over the control surface and can be particularly bad if the control surfaces CofG is not in line with the hinge point.
102
What is the function of a pylon?
Support the weight of the powerplant and transmit it's thrust into the adjacent airframe
103
What is the difference between turbines fitted to a turbojet and a turbo prop
Turbojet engines develop very little torque, therefore turbojet mountings are less robust than turbo-prop engines Turbo prop engines have to be mounted in tubular sub-frames out in front of the fuselage or wing, allowing plenty of vertical clearance between the propeller and the ground
104
What's the primary structure of an engine pylon?
Primary structure of a pylon must carry all loads and serve as a firewall, it is normally made of titanium and steel alloy riveted sheet construction Secondary pylon structure is normally composite panels
105
What is the function of a fire wall? (in an engine)
* Prevent entry of combustible material * confines effect of pneumatic duct and turbine rupture or major leaks * prevents air from the hot section of the engine core from circulating in the fan case area * faciliates the effective use of the fire detection system by containing the fire in one area
106
What is a firewall manufactured from?
Stainless steel Titanium Thermoplastics

Mod 11: Systems (37 decks)

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