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GCSE Biology > Kerboodle Revision > Flashcards

Kerboodle Revision Flashcards

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1
Q

Magnification =

A

Size of image/size of real object

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls all of the activities of the cell, and surrounded by a nuclear membrane. It contains genes and chromosomes which carry instructions for making new cells or new organisms

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A liquid gel where most of the chemical reactions needed for life take place

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4
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls the passage of substances such as glucose and mineral ions into the cell.

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5
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where aerobic respiration takes place, releasing energy for the cell.

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6
Q

Ribosomes

A

Where protein synthesis takes place.

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7
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Contain green substances called chlorophyll, which absorbs light so plants can make food via photosynthesis.

Root cells do not have chloroplasts because they are underground.

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8
Q

Permanent vacuole

A

Is a space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap. Important for keeping the cells rigid to support the plant

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9
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic cells all have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material that is enclosed in a nucleus. Genetic material is a chemical called DNA
Examples of eukaryotic cells are plants, animals, fungi and protista

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10
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotes, like bacteria consist of cytoplasm and a cell membrane surrounded in a cell wall. The genetic material is not in a distinct nucleus. It forms a single DNA loop.

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11
Q

Nerve cells

A

Are specialised to carry electrical impulses around the body.

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12
Q

Nerve cell adaptions

A

Lots of dendrites to make connections to other nerve cells
An axon that carries the nerve impulses from one place to another
The nerve endings, or synapses are adapted to pass the impulses to another cell or between a nerve cell and a muscle in the body using special transmitter chemicals. Mitochondria

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13
Q

Muscle cells specialisation

A 
So that they can contract and relax. 
Muscle cells work together in tissues.
Contain special proteins.
Contain many mitochondria to transfer energy.
They can store glycogen
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14
Q

Sperm cells

A

Contain genetic information from the male parent.

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15
Q

Sperm cell adaptions

A

A long tail which helps the sperm move through the water or the female reproductive system

Middle section full of mitochondria, which transfers energy

Acrosome stores digestive enzymes for breaking down the outer layers of the egg

Large nucleus contain genetic info

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16
Q

Root hair cells

A

Help take up water and mineral ions more efficiently

They greatly increase their surface area available for water to move into the cell
They have a large permanent vacuole that speeds up the movement of water by osmosis

They have many mitochondria that transfer the energy needed for the active transport of mineral ions.

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17
Q

Photo synthetic cells

A

Plants can make their own food via photosynthetic cells.

Contain chloroplasts which trap light needed for photosynthesis
Large permanent vacuole which helps keep the cell rigid as a result of osmosis
Usually positioned in layers of the stem of a plant so they can absorb as much light as possible.

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18
Q

Xylem cells

A

Xylem is the transport tissue in plants that carries water and mineral ions from the roots to the highest leaves and shoots. Xylem is also important for supporting the plant

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19
Q

Xylem cells adaptions

A

Xylem cells eventually die and form long hollow tubes that allow water and mineral ions to move easily through them.
Also make them strong.

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20
Q

Phloem cells

A

Is the specialised transport tissue that carries food made by photosynthesis around the plant.

The cell walls between the cells break down to form special sieve plates which allow water carrying disolved food to move freely up and down the tubes when needed

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21
Q

Diffusion

A

Is the spreading out of particles of any substance, in solution or a gas, resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to lower. Down the concentration gradient

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22
Q

Rate of diffusion is affected by

A

The difference in concentrations
The temperature
And the available surface area.

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23
Q

A dilute solution

A

A dilute solution of sugar contains a high concentration of water (the solvent). It has a low concentration of of sugar (the solute)

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24
Q

A concentrated solution

A

Sugar solution has relatively low concentration of water and high concentration of sugar

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25
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water from a dilute to a more concentrated solute solution, through a partially permeable membrane, that allows water to pass through.

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26
Q

Cell isotonic to solution

A

When the concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is the SAME as the concentration of solutes inside the cell

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27
Q

Cell to hypotonic solution

A

When the concentration of solutes in the solution outside is LOWER than the concentration of solutes inside the cell

28
Q

Cell hypertonic to solution

A

When the concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is HIGHER than the concentration of solutes inside the cell

29
Q

Osmosis in plants

A

Plant rely on osmosis to support their stems and leaves

30
Q

Turgor

A

Turgor pressure makes the cells hard and rigid, which in turn keeps the leaves and stems of the plant rigid and firm

31
Q

Plasmolysis

A

If more water is lost by osmosis, the vacuole and cytoplasm shrink, and eventually the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall. This is plasmolysis

32
Q

Active transport

A

Moves substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution (against the concentration gradient)

33
Q

Cell cycle stage 1

A

Replication of DNA to form 2 copies of each chromosome and synthesis of new sub-cellular structures

34
Q

Cell cycle stage 2

A

Mitosis, nucleus divides

35
Q

Cell cycle stage 3

A

Cell divides in 2

36
Q

Chromatids

A

Duplicate chromosome produced during mitosis

37
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The dividing of the cell in the last stage of mitosis

38
Q

Allele

A

A version of a particular gene

39
Q

Chromosome

A

Thread like structure carrying genetic information

40
Q

Mitosis

A

Asexual cell division where two identical cells are formed

41
Q

Differentiations

A

When cells divide grow and develop causing variation

42
Q

Organ system path

A

Cells - tissues - organs - organ systems - organism

43
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells with similar structures and functions

44
Q

Test for carbohydrates

A

Iodine turns from red yellow to blue black if starch is present

45
Q

Test for protein

A

Blue biuret regent turns purple if protein is present

46
Q

Test for lipids

A

Etanol added to a solution gives a cloudy white layer if a lipid is present

47
Q

How is enzyme activity affected

A

Temperature and PH

48
Q

What happens to an enzyme when temperature is too high

A

It is denatured and stops working

49
Q

Components of blood

A

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

50
Q

White blood cells

A

Protect the body from infection

51
Q

Platelets

A

Help to clot the blood

52
Q

Red blood cells

A

Transports oxygen to cells

53
Q

Plasma

A

Transports red blood cells, carbon dioxide and urea

54
Q

Leaky valves

A

Heart valves withstand a lot of pressure, and overtime may start to leak or become stiff and not open fully, thus making the heart less efficient.

55
Q

Artificial pacemakers

A

An electrical device used to correct irregularities in the heart rate

56
Q

Artificial hearts

A

Are occasionally used to keep patients alive while they wait for a transplant.

57
Q

Transpiration

A

The loss of water vapour from the surface of plants or leaves

58
Q

Factors which increase transpiration

A

Temperature, humidity, air flow and light intensity

59
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Water + carbon dioxide ➡️ glucose + oxygen

60
Q

What affects rate of photosynthesis

A

Affected by light intensity, temperature, level of carbon dioxide and the amount of chlorophyll

61
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Involves oxygen and glucose long lasting and doesn’t produce lactic acid

62
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose ➡️ lactic acid (bi product) + energy (short lasting)

63
Q

Oxygen debt repayment

A

Lactic acid + oxygen ➡️ carbon dioxide + water

64
Q

Why is oxygen needed after an anaerobic workout

A

Oxygen is needed to breakdown the lactic acid that has built up into carbon dioxide and water

65
Q

The role of the liver

A

Detoxifying poisonous substances such as ethanol from alcoholic drinks
Breaking down worn out cells and storing it as iron until it is needed to synthesise more blood cells

66
Q

Metabolism

A

Is the sum of all of the reactions that take place in a cell or in the body

GCSE Biology (19 decks)

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