Kays - Exam 1 Flashcards
Gram positive bacteria stain _____
(positive) purple
Gram negative bacteria stain _______
red
difference between bacili and cocci
bacili: rod shape
cocci: little circles
which bacteria are lactose fermenting
CEEK: Citrobacter Enterobacter Escherichia coli Klebsiella
Which drugs/things can MASK a fever
Antipyretics
Corticosteroids
Antimicrobial therapy
an overwhelming infection can mask a fever
Systemic Signs of an infection:
Fever: Temp > _____
38 degrees Celsius/ 100.4 Farenheit
Systemic Signs of an infection:
Increased White blood count (> ________ /mm^3)
> 10,500
Normal WBC?
4,500 - 10,500/mm^3
Systemic Signs of an infection:
Tachy or Brady cardia/pnea
Tachy!!
HR > 90 beats/min
R > 20 breaths/min
Systemic Signs of an infection:
Hypo or hyper tension?
hypo! (SBP < 90 mmHg or an MAP < 70)
Normal WBC Differential:
Mature Neutrophils: _____%
50-70%
Normal WBC Differential:
Immature neutrophils: ____%
0 -5%
Normal WBC Differential:
Eosinophils: ____ %
0-5%
Normal WBC Differential:
Basophils: ____%
0 -2%
Normal WBC Differential:
Lymphocytes: _____%
15-40%
Normal WBC Differential:
Monocytes: _____%
2-8%
Which WBCs are Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes and Monocytes
Which WBCs are Granulocytes
the “Phils”
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Other names for mature neutrophils
PMNs, Polys, Segs
Other names for immature neutrophils
bands
Leukocytosis means ??
increased neutrophils (+/- bands)
Presence of immature forms of neutrophils means what?
aka a left shift = indication of bone marrow response to the infection
Leukocytosis generally means ______ infection
bacteria
Lymphocytosis generally means _________ infection
viral, fungal, or tuberculosis
Monocytosis usually associated with?
tuberclosis or lymphoma
Eosinophillia usually associated with?
ALLERGIC REACTIONS! oar protozoal/parasitic infections
CD4 or CD8?
depleted in HIV infection
CD4
CD4 or CD8?
bind to and directly kill tumor cells
CD8
CD4 or CD8?
help with antibody production and secrete lymphokines
CD4
ESR and CRP when elevated = _______ but not for sure ________
means inflammation; not always meaning infection tho…
Normal ESR value?
0 - 15 mm/hr (males)
0 - 20 mm/hr (females)
Normal CRP value?
0 - 0.5 mg/L
What is PCT
procalcitonin/precursor of calcitonin
Normal value of PCT
< 0.05 ug/L
PCT is more or less specific than ESR or CRP for bacterial infections
MORE! good for finding out if bacterial infection (PCT is not related to viral infections !)
What PCT value is suggestive of sepsis
2 - 10 ug/L
What PCT value means sepsis/systemic bacterial infection
> 10
what PCT value means other condition/localized infection
0.25 - 2 ug/L
Sensitivity or Specificity?
positive result in presence of disease/infection
Sensitivity
Sensitivity or Specificity?
false positive rate
specificity
Sensitivity or Specificity?
negative result in absence of disease/infection
specificity
Sensitivity or Specificity?
False negative rate
sensitivity
to give the drug abacavir – what genetic test must be done
HLA-B5701 = hypersensitivity
Empiric vs directed therapy?
Empiric: BROAD SPECTRUM before pathogen idenitifie
Directed: after pathogen identified/susceptibility results are known; DE-ESCALATE to agent with narrowest effective spectrum of activity
Want to move pts from IV to PO therapy when clinically stable and functioning GI tract annnnd ahve agents with good oral bioavaliability— what are cases where you should NOT
if CNS infection, endocarditis (lil Owen!), and Staph aureus bactermemia
what are the 3 primary reasons for combination antimicrobial therapy?
broad spectrum for polymicrobial infections
synergistic bactericidal activity
prevent emergence of resistance (ex: HIV drug therapy)
disadvantages of combo microbial therapy?
increased cost
greater risk of drug toxicity
superinfection with resistant bacteria
antagonism of drugs to each other
what 3 main things should be used to figure out empiric therapy
- knowledge of the likely pathogen (body site, where infection started (hospital)
- anticipated susceptibility pattern (antiobiogram)
- info from pt history/PE (prior abx use, travel hx/other sick ppl at home)
bactericidal vs bacteriostatic
cidal: KILLS organism….
static: inhibits bacterial replication
what are 3 main ways that an antibiotic can be bactericidal
act on cell wall
act on cell membrane
or act on bacterial DNA
Antimicrobial Tissue Concentrations = mean of ________ and _____ concentrations
extracellular AND intracellular!
Gram Positive vs Gram negative Cell wall comparison:
has lots of peptidoglycan
Positive
Gram Positive vs Gram negative Cell wall comparison:
has porins
negative
Gram Positive vs Gram negative Cell wall comparison:
has lipopolysaccharide outer membrane (LPS/endotoxi)
negative
Gram Positive vs Gram negative Cell wall comparison:
has beta lactamases on the outside of the cell/towards environinment
gram positive
Gram Positive vs Gram negative Cell wall comparison:
has beta lactamases in periplasmic space
negative
what are PBPs?
pencillin binding proteins:
aka enzymes vital for cell wall synthesis, cell shape, and structural integrity
what is the most important PBP and why
transpeptidase:
it catalyzes final cross link between sugar and peptide in peptidoglycan molecule
3 types of genetic exchange that leads to resistance
conjugation
transduction
transformation
what is conjugation (genetic exchange shit)
direct contact or mating via sex pilli **most common
what is transduction (genetic exchange shit)
genes transferred via bacteriophages (viruses) between bacteria