Exam 3 - RTIs Flashcards
Main physiologic mechanisms that prevent lung infections?
Upper Airways: Nasopharynx, Oropharynx
Conducting Airways: Trachea, Bronchi
Lower Respiratory Tract: Terminal airways/alveoli
Host defense mechanisms seen in the nasopharynx?
nasal hair turbinates anatomy of upper airways mucociliary apparatus IgA secretion
Host defense mechanisms seen in the oropharynx?
saliva
sloughing of epithelial cells
complement production
Host defense mechanisms seen in the trachea/bronchi?
cough epiglottis reflexes sharp/angled branching airways mucuociliary apparatus Immunoglobulin production (IgG, IgM, IgA)
Host defense mechanisms seen in the terminal airways/alveoli
alveolar lining fluid (surfactant/fibronectin, complement, immunoglobulin) cytokines (TNF, IL-1, IL-8) Alveolar macrophages PMNs Cell mediated immunity
Host defenses:
_______ inhibits adherence of bacteria to cell surfaces –> prevents colonization
fibronectin
Host defenses:
Microbes possess surface adhesions, pilis, exotoxins, and proteolytic enzymes that degrade _____ –> promote colonization
IgA
Host defenses:
Adherence of microorganisms to _______________ = critical first step in colonization and subsequent infections
epithelial surfaces of upper airways
Host defenses:
_______ secretions contain non-specific inhibitors of infection
respiratory
Host defenses:
________ eliminate organisms by phagocytosis and produce cytokines that recruit neutrophils to the lungs –> local area becomes ______ and _____ = impairs phagocytic activity
alveolar macrophages
acidic/hypoxic
Factors that will interfere with host defenses:
what 7 things are known to do this…?
Altered level of consciousness Smoking viruses Alcohol Endotracheal tubes/NG tubes, Ventilators Immunosuppression Elderly
why does altered level of consciousness lead to decrease host defenses?
altered level of consciousness –> compromise epiglottic closure –> aspiration
why does alcohol alter/lead to a decrease in host defenses?
- impair cough/epiglottic reflexes –> aspiration
- increases oropharyngeal colonization w/ gram NEGATIVE organisms
- decreased mobilization of neutrophils
what are examples of immunosuppression that can lead to decrease in host defenses
malnutrition
immunosuppresive therapy…
HIV
what does CAP stand for?
community acquired pneumonia
what does VAP stand for?
ventilator associated pneumonia
what does HAP stand for?
hospital acquired pneumonia
what does HCAP stand for?
healthcare associated pneumonia
what is the most common cause for BACTERIAL pneumonia
Aspiration
what is aspiration?
common thing to happen in people during sleep
means you’re breathing foreign objects into your airways. Usually, it’s food, saliva, or stomach contents when you swallow, vomit, or experience heartburn
what is aerosolization
droplet nuclei (breathing in viruses)
most common way that VIRUSES are caught for pneumonia?
aerosolization
most common bugs seen in CAP
STREPTOCOCCOUS PNEUMONIAE!! H. Influenzae Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Legionella pneumophila Chlamydophila pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus Viral!!!!!
what is the MOST common cause of CAP
VIRUSES!!
what is the most common bug that causes bacteremic pneumonia cases
streptococcus pneumoniae