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Bzoard Stuff 2- DONE > Kaplan course and Uworld > Flashcards

Kaplan course and Uworld Flashcards

1
Q

main form of therapy for urea cycle disorders

A

protein restriction

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2
Q

urea cycle location

A

half cytosol, half mitochondria

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3
Q

diptheria toxin interferes with what metabolic process

A

Elongation during protein synthesis

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4
Q

drugs that target 50S ribosome subunit

A

MLS group
macrolides (good for penicillin allergy)

lincosamide: clindamycin (anaerobic bacteria, MRSA, malaria, toxoplasmosis
streptogramins: for VRSA, VRE, MRSA

anything ending with mycin came from streptomycins

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5
Q

NADPH is needed for what?

A

cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis

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6
Q

drugs that target the 30S ribosome subunit

A

aminoglycosides

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7
Q

organisms that inhibit eukaryotic translation

A

diphteria (toxin protein ADP-ribosylates eEF-2 which contains a modified His called a diphtamide residue

Pseudomonas: toxin protein ADP-ribosylates eEF-2, activity similar to diptheria toxin

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8
Q

what things does dihydrobiopterin reductase do?

A

phenylalanine to tyrosine to DOPA

tryptophan to 5HT to serotonin

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9
Q

lesch nyhan. Increased activity of what?

A

PRPP to make up for HGPRT trouble

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10
Q

steps for most protein synthesis

A 
translation begins in cytoplasm
signal sequence attaches to ER
signal peptidase removes signal sequence
translation continues in RER
glycosylation in ER (continues in golgi)
proper folding in ER
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11
Q

I cell disease

A

lysosomal storage disease

looks like tay-sachs/ etc., but dx: measuring lysosomal hydrolases in the blood/ urine

trouble with phosphorylation of mannose by phosphotransferase signals to lysosome

severe retardation, rapid progression, death by 5-8 y/o

coarse facial features, craniofacial abnormalities, severe skeletal abnormalities.
hepatomegaly, cardiomegaly, umbilical hernias, recurrent URIs

** STRIKING GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA

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12
Q

collagen types

A

I- bone, skin, tendons
II- cartilage, vitreous humor
III- blood vessels, granulation tissue
IV- basement membranes

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13
Q

SIADH volemia finding

A

euvolemic hyponatremia due to natriuretic peptids

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14
Q

locus vs allelic heterogeneity

A

locus heterogeneity– different genes, same phenotype

allelic heterogeneity- different phenotypes, same gene

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15
Q

cavernous sinus thrombosis affects what nerves?

A

CNs III, IV, and VI affected

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16
Q

what makes sclera blue?

A

choroidal veins are visible

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17
Q

giardiasis can lead to

A

lactose intolerance secondary to infection

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18
Q

copper diseases present with what?

A

iron problems due to copper-dependent processes

e.g.: loss of Fe2+ efflux from brain

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19
Q

Menkes disease

A

X-linked
inability to absorb copper from GI tract
cherubic face, sagging jowls, scant or no eyebrows, kinky depigmented hair, anemia, osteoporosis, cerebral degeneration

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20
Q

what do response elements do?

A

respond to transcription factors

e.g. glucocorticoid (GRE), cAMP (CRE), etc.

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21
Q

PPARs

A

regulate multiple aspects of lipid metabolism

reduce serum Triglycerides

activated by fibrates and thiazolidinediones

increase peroxisomal fat metabolism, and increase adipcyte differentiation

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22
Q

nitrates MOA for angina

A

venodilation –> reduced preload –> decreased afterload, decreased myocardial oxygen demand

can’t really dilate coronary arteries any more than they already are

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23
Q

how hyperglycemia is related to lipids

A

–> insulin release –> tells adipocytes to make more fat

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24
Q

prophylaxis of rabies

A

inactivated vaccine

25
Q

medical applications of recombinant DNA

A 
insulin replacement
clotting factor replacement
anti-inflammatory proteins
disease prevention (vaccines)
dx testing
26
Q

hep a IgG positive but igM neg

A

probably had it as a kid; Hep A is self-limiting

27
Q

IVC is formed from

A

union of the right and left common iliac veins

28
Q

baby with blood in the lateral ventricles. What’s the likely sorce?

A

germinal matrix

complication of prematurity

29
Q

HSV-1 structure

A

enveloped ds DNA

30
Q

flu vaccine leads to what upon exposure to live virus?

A

inhibition of viral entry into cells

by inhibiting binding of hemagglutinin to sialylated receptors on the host cell membrane

31
Q

Vmax is dependent on … Km is dependent on

A

V max re: enzyme quantity (noncompetitive inhibitor if this is changing). Also: lines- No Cross, Noncompetitive

Km re: substrate quantity (if this changes it’s a competitive inhibitor)

32
Q

VSD is heard as what

A

holosystolic murmur at left sternal border

33
Q

sympathetic stimulation comes from where in the brain?

A

NTS

nucleus tractus solitarius

34
Q

haloperidol and fluphenzine side effects

A

they are high-potency antipsychotics

extrapyramidal symptoms:

  • acute dystonia
  • akathisia
  • parkinsonism
35
Q

statins do what?

A

inhibit cholesterol synthesis –> increased surface expression of LDL receptor

36
Q

claudication is associated with

A

exertion

mostly due to peripheral artery disease

37
Q

what drugs can inhibit histamine, Ach, and gastrin –> gastric acid secretion?

A

proton pump inhibitors (final common pathway for HCl secretion)

lansoprazole, omeprazole

38
Q

low levels of C1 esterase inhibitor

A

= hereditary angioedema. Also –> kallikrein and bradykinin increases

watch out for ACE inhibitors; –> bradykinin inhibitors and precipitate disease episodes

39
Q

tongue sensation

A

vagal nerve (very back)
posterior 1/2- glossopharyngeal
anterior 2/3: chorda tympani (taste), trigem V3 (sensation)

40
Q

biotin pathways

A 
VOMIT
Valine
odd-carbon fatty acidds
Met
Ile
Thr
41
Q

symptoms of fragile x

A

mental retardation
macroorchidism
prominent forehead and chin
hyperlaxity

42
Q

pellagra

A

diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis, death

niacin deficiency, or also tryptophan deficiency (corn major dietary staple)

43
Q

contact dermatitis responder

A

t-lymphocytes

44
Q

deficiencies associated with homocystinemia

A

B12 and folic acid

45
Q

what do we give for heparin overdose?

A

protamine

46
Q

what do we give for warfarin overdose?

A 
fresh frozen plasma (quick)
vitamin K (takes days)
47
Q

drugs that inhibit gla-residue synthesis

A

coumarins such as warfarin (anticoagulant therapy)

factors made in the liver exist as zymogens, takes several days to deplete thus, coumarins take 2-3 days to initiate anti-coagulant effects

protein C least stable so warfarin can cause transient aPC deficiency which will lead to hypercoagulation, thus usually give heparin

48
Q

elevated 2,3 BPG is a giveaway for

A

pyruvate kinase deficiency (glycolysis pathway backing up)

49
Q

hCG is structurally similar to

A

LH and can act to induce ovulation.

50
Q

when PTT and bleeding time are both prolonged we have

A

von Willebrand disease

it’s the carrier protein for factor VIII and a mediator of platelet adhesion

51
Q

antidote for cyanide poisoning

A

nitrites

52
Q

cold agglutinins associated with

A

mycoplasma pneumoniae and EBV infection

hematologic malignancies

53
Q

differentiating between myopathic CAT/ CPT and Mcardle

A

CPT: muscle biopsy: + sudan black or oil red due to lipid accumulation

mcArdle: + PAS staining due to glycogen accumulation

54
Q

Homocystinuria/ emia possible etiologies

A

B6 defish- associated with methioninemia

folate defish: methionine synthase requires so decreased methionine in the blood

B12 deficiency

55
Q

why never give porphyrias a barbiturate?

A

inhibits heme synthesis

56
Q

etiologies of microcytic anemias

A 
B6 defish (ringed sideroblasts)
iron defish
lead poisoning (ringed sideroblasts and basophilic stippling)
57
Q

RX for serotonin syndrome/ serotonin overdose (SSRIs)

A

cyproheptadine

58
Q

what enzyme inactivates 6-mercaptopurine? (an anti-cancer drug)

A

xanthine oxidase

59
Q

pseudohyphae with blastoconidia describes what?

A

candida

Bzoard Stuff 2- DONE (10 decks)

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