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Bzoard Stuff 2- DONE > Kaplan course and Uworld > Flashcards

Kaplan course and Uworld Flashcards

1
Q

main form of therapy for urea cycle disorders

A

protein restriction

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2
Q

urea cycle location

A

half cytosol, half mitochondria

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3
Q

diptheria toxin interferes with what metabolic process

A

Elongation during protein synthesis

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4
Q

drugs that target 50S ribosome subunit

A

MLS group
macrolides (good for penicillin allergy)

lincosamide: clindamycin (anaerobic bacteria, MRSA, malaria, toxoplasmosis
streptogramins: for VRSA, VRE, MRSA

anything ending with mycin came from streptomycins

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5
Q

NADPH is needed for what?

A

cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis

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6
Q

drugs that target the 30S ribosome subunit

A

aminoglycosides

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7
Q

organisms that inhibit eukaryotic translation

A

diphteria (toxin protein ADP-ribosylates eEF-2 which contains a modified His called a diphtamide residue

Pseudomonas: toxin protein ADP-ribosylates eEF-2, activity similar to diptheria toxin

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8
Q

what things does dihydrobiopterin reductase do?

A

phenylalanine to tyrosine to DOPA

tryptophan to 5HT to serotonin

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9
Q

lesch nyhan. Increased activity of what?

A

PRPP to make up for HGPRT trouble

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10
Q

steps for most protein synthesis

A 
translation begins in cytoplasm
signal sequence attaches to ER
signal peptidase removes signal sequence
translation continues in RER
glycosylation in ER (continues in golgi)
proper folding in ER
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11
Q

I cell disease

A

lysosomal storage disease

looks like tay-sachs/ etc., but dx: measuring lysosomal hydrolases in the blood/ urine

trouble with phosphorylation of mannose by phosphotransferase signals to lysosome

severe retardation, rapid progression, death by 5-8 y/o

coarse facial features, craniofacial abnormalities, severe skeletal abnormalities.
hepatomegaly, cardiomegaly, umbilical hernias, recurrent URIs

** STRIKING GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA

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12
Q

collagen types

A

I- bone, skin, tendons
II- cartilage, vitreous humor
III- blood vessels, granulation tissue
IV- basement membranes

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13
Q

SIADH volemia finding

A

euvolemic hyponatremia due to natriuretic peptids

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14
Q

locus vs allelic heterogeneity

A

locus heterogeneity– different genes, same phenotype

allelic heterogeneity- different phenotypes, same gene

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15
Q

cavernous sinus thrombosis affects what nerves?

A

CNs III, IV, and VI affected

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16
Q

what makes sclera blue?

A

choroidal veins are visible

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17
Q

giardiasis can lead to

A

lactose intolerance secondary to infection

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18
Q

copper diseases present with what?

A

iron problems due to copper-dependent processes

e.g.: loss of Fe2+ efflux from brain

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19
Q

Menkes disease

A

X-linked
inability to absorb copper from GI tract
cherubic face, sagging jowls, scant or no eyebrows, kinky depigmented hair, anemia, osteoporosis, cerebral degeneration

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20
Q

what do response elements do?

A

respond to transcription factors

e.g. glucocorticoid (GRE), cAMP (CRE), etc.

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21
Q

PPARs

A

regulate multiple aspects of lipid metabolism

reduce serum Triglycerides

activated by fibrates and thiazolidinediones

increase peroxisomal fat metabolism, and increase adipcyte differentiation

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22
Q

nitrates MOA for angina

A

venodilation –> reduced preload –> decreased afterload, decreased myocardial oxygen demand

can’t really dilate coronary arteries any more than they already are

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23
Q

how hyperglycemia is related to lipids

A

–> insulin release –> tells adipocytes to make more fat

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24
Q

prophylaxis of rabies

A

inactivated vaccine

25
medical applications of recombinant DNA
``` insulin replacement clotting factor replacement anti-inflammatory proteins disease prevention (vaccines) dx testing ```
26
hep a IgG positive but igM neg
probably had it as a kid; Hep A is self-limiting
27
IVC is formed from
union of the right and left common iliac veins
28
baby with blood in the lateral ventricles. What's the likely sorce?
germinal matrix | complication of prematurity
29
HSV-1 structure
enveloped ds DNA
30
flu vaccine leads to what upon exposure to live virus?
inhibition of viral entry into cells | by inhibiting binding of hemagglutinin to sialylated receptors on the host cell membrane
31
Vmax is dependent on ... Km is dependent on
V max re: enzyme quantity (noncompetitive inhibitor if this is changing). Also: lines- No Cross, Noncompetitive Km re: substrate quantity (if this changes it's a competitive inhibitor)
32
VSD is heard as what
holosystolic murmur at left sternal border
33
sympathetic stimulation comes from where in the brain?
NTS | nucleus tractus solitarius
34
haloperidol and fluphenzine side effects
they are high-potency antipsychotics extrapyramidal symptoms: - acute dystonia - akathisia - parkinsonism
35
statins do what?
inhibit cholesterol synthesis --> increased surface expression of LDL receptor
36
claudication is associated with
exertion | mostly due to peripheral artery disease
37
what drugs can inhibit histamine, Ach, and gastrin --> gastric acid secretion?
proton pump inhibitors (final common pathway for HCl secretion) lansoprazole, omeprazole
38
low levels of C1 esterase inhibitor
= hereditary angioedema. Also --> kallikrein and bradykinin increases watch out for ACE inhibitors; --> bradykinin inhibitors and precipitate disease episodes
39
tongue sensation
vagal nerve (very back) posterior 1/2- glossopharyngeal anterior 2/3: chorda tympani (taste), trigem V3 (sensation)
40
biotin pathways
``` VOMIT Valine odd-carbon fatty acidds Met Ile Thr ```
41
symptoms of fragile x
mental retardation macroorchidism prominent forehead and chin hyperlaxity
42
pellagra
diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis, death niacin deficiency, or also tryptophan deficiency (corn major dietary staple)
43
contact dermatitis responder
t-lymphocytes
44
deficiencies associated with homocystinemia
B12 and folic acid
45
what do we give for heparin overdose?
protamine
46
what do we give for warfarin overdose?
``` fresh frozen plasma (quick) vitamin K (takes days) ```
47
drugs that inhibit gla-residue synthesis
coumarins such as warfarin (anticoagulant therapy) factors made in the liver exist as zymogens, takes several days to deplete thus, coumarins take 2-3 days to initiate anti-coagulant effects protein C least stable so warfarin can cause transient aPC deficiency which will lead to hypercoagulation, thus usually give heparin
48
elevated 2,3 BPG is a giveaway for
pyruvate kinase deficiency (glycolysis pathway backing up)
49
hCG is structurally similar to
LH and can act to induce ovulation.
50
when PTT and bleeding time are both prolonged we have
von Willebrand disease | it's the carrier protein for factor VIII and a mediator of platelet adhesion
51
antidote for cyanide poisoning
nitrites
52
cold agglutinins associated with
mycoplasma pneumoniae and EBV infection | hematologic malignancies
53
differentiating between myopathic CAT/ CPT and Mcardle
CPT: muscle biopsy: + sudan black or oil red due to lipid accumulation mcArdle: + PAS staining due to glycogen accumulation
54
Homocystinuria/ emia possible etiologies
B6 defish- associated with methioninemia folate defish: methionine synthase requires so decreased methionine in the blood B12 deficiency
55
why never give porphyrias a barbiturate?
inhibits heme synthesis
56
etiologies of microcytic anemias
``` B6 defish (ringed sideroblasts) iron defish lead poisoning (ringed sideroblasts and basophilic stippling) ```
57
RX for serotonin syndrome/ serotonin overdose (SSRIs)
cyproheptadine
58
what enzyme inactivates 6-mercaptopurine? (an anti-cancer drug)
xanthine oxidase
59
pseudohyphae with blastoconidia describes what?
candida

Bzoard Stuff 2- DONE (10 decks)

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