Kap 6: Kognitiv dissonans og behovet for beskytte vores selvværd Flashcards
- Which of the following techniques relating to postdecision dissonance could a clothing store use to
increase customer satisfaction?
a. Cut all prices in half
b. Ask customers to make a radio ad saying how great the store is
c. Charge a membership fee to shop at the store
d. Make all sales final
d
What was the finding of the experiment conducted by Mills (1958) on attitudes toward cheating?
a. Children who had cheated indicated that they felt very guilty and promised their teachers that they
would never do so again.
b. Children who had cheated became more lenient toward cheating, while those who had resisted the
temptation to cheat adopted a harsher attitude.
c. Children who had resisted the temptation to cheat indicated that they should have cheated as this was
the only way to win prizes.
d. Children’s attitude toward cheating remained the same before and after the exam.
b
- Mandy’s mother tells her that if she is caught eating icecream, she will be grounded for the next two
weeks. Jolyn’s mother tells her that if she is caught eating ice-cream, she will be reprimanded for it. If both
Mandy and Jolyn don’t eat ice-cream, dissonance theory will predict that
a. Mandy will feel like eating ice-cream more strongly than
Jolyn will.
b. Jolyn will feel like eating ice-cream more strongly than Mandy will.
c. Both Mandy and Jolyn will equally feel like eating ice-cream.
d. Both Mandy and Jolyn will equally dislike eating ice-cream.
a
After spending 2 years of tedious work fixing up an old house themselves, Abby and Brian are even
more convinced that they made the right choice to buy the place. Their feelings are an example of
a. counterattitudinal behavior.
b. insufficient punishment.
c. the Ben Franklin effect.
d. justifying their effort.
d
Briana undergoes treatment for drug addiction. After she leaves the clinic, Briana is most likely to stay
off drugs if the treatment at the clinic was
a. involuntary (she was ordered to undergo treatment) and a difficult ordeal.
b. involuntary (she was ordered to undergo treatment) and an easy experience.
c. voluntary (she chose to undergo treatment) and an easy experience.
d. voluntary (she chose to undergo treatment) and a difficult ordeal.
d
Benjamin, a local businessman and your close friend, contacts you and asks if you could help him by
writing a fake positive review for one of the products he sells online. You don’t feel good about it as you
know that the product is expensive, and its quality surely does not justify the price. In return for writing
the review, he is willing to give you $1 and although you consider this to be an insignificant amount, you
write the good review for him anyway. Later, when another friend asks you about the product, dissonance
theory predicts that you will probably
a. decide that the product is of a low quality.
b. decide that the product is of a good quality.
c. be confused about the quality of the product
d. avoid talking about the product.
b
According to Jecker & Landy (1969), if we do someone a personal favor, how are we likely to feel
toward that person as compared to if we don’t do that favor?
a. More negatively
b. More indifferent
c. More positively
d. More biased
c
Amanda’s parents tell her that if she texts while driving, they will take away her car for a year. Erin’s
parents tell her that if she texts while driving, they will take her car away for one weekend. Both Amanda
and Erin decide not to text while driving. What would dissonance theory predict?
a. After they go to college and are away from their parents, Erin is more likely to text while driving than
Amanda is.
b. After they go to college and are away from their parents, Amanda is more likely to text while driving
than Erin is.
c. Amanda and Erin will both think that texting while driving is OK; they avoided it so that they wouldn’t
be punished.
d. Amanda and Erin will both come to believe that texting while driving is bad.
b
Which of the following areas of the human brain have been found to be active during dissonance?
a. The striatum and other specific areas within the prefrontal cortex
b. The amygdala and emotional circuits of the brain
c. The midbrain and specific areas within the parietal cortex
d. The cerebellum and specific areas within the temporal cortex
a
- Suppose Juan, a premed student, is in a long-term, romantic relationship but chooses to flirt with
someone else. He experiences dissonance because he sees himself as loving and trustworthy, and his
flirtatious behavior is incongruent with that self-perception. According to dissonance theory he could
reduce his dissonance by ____, whereas according to self-affirmation theory he could reduce his
dissonance by ____.
a. convincing himself that the flirting was harmless/thinking about how proud he is to be a premed
student
b. thinking about how proud he is to be a premed student/ convincing himself that the flirting was
harmless
c. convincing himself that the flirting was harmless/ breaking up with his girlfriend
d. breaking up with his girlfriend/convincing himself that the flirting was harmless
a
Jack is a 25-year-old Caucasian male who is attractive but moderately obese. He reads an article
regarding a new analysis of almost a million people from around the world, which shows that obesity can
trim almost 10 years off one’s life expectancy. He immediately decides to eat healthy and start working
out. However, at a friend’s dinner party the same day, he finds himself having beer, pizza, and fried
chicken. He thinks to himself, “It’s okay, I am a good-looking guy.” Which of the following explains Jack’s
justification of his actions?
a. He engaged in cognition-change.
b. He engaged in behavior-change.
c. He engaged in self-deception.
d. He engaged in self-affirmation.
d
According to self-evaluation maintenance theory, people engage in all of the following to protect their
self-esteem, except
a. Try and improve themselves at the task as much as they can.
b. Distance others who are performing better than them.
c. Reduce the importance of or become less interested in the task where they perform poorly.
d. Sabotage others who perform better than them.
a
Imagine that you and your sister are both psychology majors and that you are very close to your sister.
Suppose you learn that your sister’s GPA in psychology classes is a lot higher than yours. According to
self-evaluation maintenance theory, which of the following is least likely to occur?
a. You will decide that you are not that interested in psychology.
b. You will become less close to your sister.
c. You will bask in your sister’s reflected glory and congratulate her on her high GPA.
d. You will study really hard for the next psychology test to do better than your sister.
c
1. In a large organization, which one of the following people is most likely to be able to admit a major mistake? a. Jenny, the Assistant General Manager b. Danielle, the Chief Financial Officer c. Samuel, the Intern d. Joshua, the IT Director
c
Which of the following is most true about self-esteem?
a. It’s good to have low self-esteem because that motivates people to improve.
b. In general, women have lower self-esteem than men.
c. People who are optimistic try harder, persevere more in
the face of failure, and set higher goals than do people who are not.
d. The higher a person’s self-esteem, the better off he or she is.
c
