Kap 3: Social Kognition; Hvordan vi tænker om den sociale verden Flashcards
1
Q
- Which of the following is the best summary of the function of schemas?
a. Schemas usually result in erroneous judgments because of the self-fulfilling prophecy.
b. Schemas are always beneficial because they help people organize the world and fill in the gaps in their
knowledge.
c. Schemas are useful in helping people organize information about the world, but they are problematic
when they result in self-fulfilling prophecies.
d. Schemas are useful for helping us organize information about other people but not about events such
as what we should do when eating in a restaurant.
A
c
2
Q
- Which of the following is not a way in which schemas can become accessible in people’s minds?
a. The more negative in content a schema is, the more likely it is to be accessible.
b. Schemas can be accessible because of people’s past experiences.
c. Schemas can become temporarily accessible because of priming.
d. Schemas can be accessible if they are related to our current goals.
A
a
3
Q
- Which of the following examples best illustrates a self-fulfilling prophecy?
a. Julia thinks that her husband is not as helpful as her friends’ husbands, but he does help her with
childcare and other household chores.
b. A teacher believes that some of her students are unmotivated learners. As a result, these students
become fall behind in their studies and do worse than the rest.
c. Henry believes that female narrators in a fictional novel are not as dependable; however, the novel he
just finished reading proves otherwise.
d. Jonathan thinks that his college peers are unfriendly and snobby. Whenever he meets them, they are
friendly toward him.
A
b
4
Q
- In the study of a fictional character named Donald (Higgins et al., 1977), participants were first asked to
identify different colors while at the same time memorizing a list of words. They were then made to read a
paragraph about Donald and form an impression of him. While some participants (Group 1) formed a
negative impression of Donald (e.g., reckless, conceited), thers (Group 2) formed a positive impression of
him (e.g., adventurous, self-confident). What do you think led to this result?
a. Priming participants with different sets of words had activated relevant schemas in their minds.
b. Both groups of participants were exposed to different sets of information about Donald.
c. The availability heuristic was used by Group 1 participants but not by Group 2 participants.
d. Group 1 participants used more of controlled thinking than Group 2 participants.
A
a
5
Q
- Jack is definitely not the smartest guy in his office, but he is extremely confident about who he is and
how well he performs as an employee. Jack’s confidence has led his superiors to trust him and give him
more responsibilities in projects at work. By the end of the year, Jack performs extremely well and recruits
major clients for his company. What is the best xplanation for Jack’s professional success?
a. Self-affirmation theory
b. Self-fulfilling prophecy
c. The representativeness heuristic
d. The availability heuristic
A
b
6
Q
- Which of the following is the best summary of research on automatic goal pursuit?
a. People can only select which goals to work toward using controlled thinking.
b. People often pursue goals that have been recently primed, without realizing that that is why they are
pursuing the goal.
c. People often pursue goals that have been recently primed, but only if they are consciously aware that
the goal has been primed.
d. People never choose their goals consciously; they only pursue automatically primed goals.
A
b
7
Q
- Tina is in high school and loves babysitting. She is also soft-spoken, calm, and nurturing. If someone
said that Tina is most likely going to be a school teacher rather than an accountant, which of the following
heuristic techniques are they relying upon?
a. The availability heuristic.
b. The representativeness heuristic.
c. The anchoring and adjustment heuristic.
d. The encoding heuristic.
A
b
8
Q
- Two groups of participants in a research study were asked to recall either 7 or 14 instances, respectively,
where they considered themselves to be brave and rate themselves accordingly. Based on research in
social psychology, which of the following is most likely to be true?
a. People who were asked to recall 7 instances of their bravery rated themselves as relatively braver than
those asked to recall 14 instances.
b. There was no difference in ratings of bravery between the two groups.
c. Both groups rated themselves as relatively less brave in comparison to a control condition.
d. People who were asked to recall 14 instances of their bravery rated themselves as relatively less brave
than those asked to recall 7 instances.
A
a
9
Q
- According to research in social psychology, why do many people believe that their horoscopes are
accurate descriptions of who they are and what is likely to happen to them?
a. Horoscopes are written in a vague way so that most people view them as representative of their
personalities and past behaviors.
b. Horoscopes trigger automatic decision making.
c. People find it difficult to bring to mind examples that are similar to the horoscope.
d. Horoscopes automatically prime people’s life goals.
A
a
10
Q
- Which of the following is true of the holistic thinking style?
a. It involves a focus on the properties of objects without considering their surrounding context.
b. People living in the West can think holistically if they are primed with pictures taken in Japan.
c. The holistic style of thinking has a genetic basis.
d. It may have its roots in the Greek philosophic traditions of Aristotle and Plato.
A
b
11
Q
- Which of the following is true of cultural differences in social cognition?
a. Westerners tend to focus more on a foreground object, whereas East Asians tend to focus more on the
overall context (or the background).
b. Westerners tend to focus more on the overall context (or the background), whereas East Asians tend to
focus more on a foreground object.
c. Westerners tend to focus on both a foreground object and the overall context, whereas East Asians
tend to focus on only on a foreground object.
d. Westerners tend to focus only on a foreground object, whereas East Asians tend to focus on both a
foreground object and the overall context.
A
a
12
Q
- Which is the definition of analytic thinking?
a. A type of thinking in which people focus on the overall context, particularly the ways in which objects
relate to each other.
b. A type of thinking in which people focus on the properties of objects without considering their
surrounding context.
c. Thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary, and effortful.
d. Thinking that is nonconscious, unintentional, involuntary, and effortless.
A
b
13
Q
- Which of the following explanations has been proposed to account for cultural differences in holistic
versus analytic thinking?
a. The gender ratio imbalance in major countries of the East versus the West.
b. The differences in philosophical traditions of the East versus the West.
c. The differences in weather patterns in the East versus the West.
d. The differences in educational systems and academic emphasis in the East versus the West..
A
b
14
Q
- Researchers took photographs in randomly chosen locations in cities in Japan and the United States.
They found that on average, city scenes in Japan contained more:
a. businesses and advertisements.
b. people and residences.
c. objects that competed for people’s attention.
d. buildings and concrete.
A
c
15
Q
she has an important client meeting scheduled and must reach on time. She decides to instead take a taxi
that day; however, due to heavy traffic on the road, she arrives at the office 20 minutes later than
expected. According to research in social psychology, Cecile is most likely to
a. engage in counterfactual thinking.
b. blame the taxi driver’s driving skills.
c. experience cognitive dissonance.
d. avoid taking taxis in the future.
A
a
