Kap 2: Metodologi: hvordan forsker socialpsykologer

Question 1

1. What is the goal of cross-cultural research in social psychology?
   a. To find out which social psychological processes are dictated by culture and which are universal.
   b. To answer questions like whether violent video games are destroying cultures.
   c. To rank or compare cultures.
   d. To find out if all social psychological processes are dictated by culture.

Answer 1

a

Question 2

2. What is the goal of social neuroscience?
   a. To legitimize social psychology as a science through the use of machines such as EEGs and fMRIs.
   b. To settle debates in social psychology, such as whether a social process is caused by brain structure or
   culture.
   c. To explore how different kinds of brain activity correlate with social information processing by having
   participants think about a social situation and evaluating which parts of the brain are involved.
   d. To see if social processes can happen without other people being present by having participants
   think about a social situation and evaluating which parts of the brain are involved.

Answer 2

c

Question 3

1. Which of the following is true about obtaining participants’ informed consent for an experiment?
   a. It can be done before or after an experiment.
   b. It does not need to explain the nature of the experiment as this would give away too many details.
   c. Participants should be told what kind of experiences they are agreeing to undergo.
   d. It is not necessary unless the experiment involves some sort of deception.

Answer 3

c

Question 4

2. Which of the following is the most important priority in designing social psychology experiments?
   a. To be as close to the real world as possible.
   b. To be as controlled as possible in order to increase validity.
   c. To maintain the health and welfare of the participants.
   d. To find out answers to important issues affecting society, such as aggression and prejudice.

Answer 4

c

Question 5

3. Which of the following are true of the post-experimental interview known as debriefing?
   a. If the participants experienced anything that made them feel uncomfortable, the researchers try to
   counteract this.
   b. It is not necessary to debrief participants if they gave their informed consent.
   c. The researchers inform the participants about the goals and purpose of the research and explain
   possible deceptions, if any.
   d. All of the above.

Answer 5

a og c

Question 6

1. Why do some social psychology research findings seem like we could have predicted the results?
   a. Because we are not predicting. These studies are famous and it is likely that we heard about them in the
   news and then forgot about them.
   b. Because most people have an advanced understanding of how human societies function, allowing them
   to predict such findings.
   c. Because hindsight bias suggests that we tend to exaggerate how easily we could have predicted
   something.
   d. Because they tap into the collective unconscious memory.

Answer 6

c

Question 7

2. Which of the following is true about social psychological findings?
   a. They sometimes seem obvious after we learn about them, because of a hindsight bias.
   b. Most people could easily predict them in advance of knowing how the studies turned out.
   c. Wise people such as our grandparents could easily predict them in advance of knowing how the studies
   turned out.
   d. Most people who live in the culture in which the studies were conducted could predict the findings in
   advance of knowing how the studies turned out.

Answer 7

a

Question 8

3. Which of the following suggests why social psychologists often come up with new ideas that are based
   on previous theories and research in the field?
   a. Previous experts in the field know best.
   b. They might think that previous theories and research have a better way of explaining the same
   behavior.
   c. Older theories and research can always be refined and improved.
   d. Newer social psychologists are unoriginal in their work.

Answer 8

b og c

Question 9

1. Which kind of study is best suited to ethnography?
   a. A study of what factors cause Greenpeace activists to commit to their ideals.
   b. A study to see if violent videogames cause children to act more violently.
   c. A study to see if people are more likely to litter in a place that already has been littered.
   d. A study examining posts on Twitter to see how people’s moods fluctuate throughout the day.

Answer 9

a

Question 10

2. Why is it important to establish interjudge reliability in an observational study?
   a. To make sure the observations are more empirical.
   b. To make sure the observations are subjective.
   c. To make sure the observations are not subjective and ]have not been distorted by one person.
   d. To resolve disputes between researchers.

Answer 10

c

Question 11

3. Social psychology uses three main methods for answering questions about social behavior. These
   methods are:
   a. observational, ethnographical, and experimental.
   b. correlational, observational, and archival analysis.
   c. correlational, observational, and surveys.
   d. correlational, observational, and experimental.

Answer 11

d

Question 12

4. What are some of the limits of the observational method?
   a. Some kinds of behavior happen only rarely or happen mostly in private settings.
   b. Most participants in experiments refuse to be observed.
   c. It can only be carried out in a lab.
   d. It allows us to describe behavior but not to predict or explain it.

Answer 12

a og d

Question 13

5. Suppose that a researcher finds a negative correlation in adults between years of education and their
   denial of global climate change. Which of the following is the most reasonable conclusion one can draw
   from the study?
   a. People who are more educated know more scientists and thus are more likely to know someone who
   has conducted research on this topic.
   b. Based on how many years of education an adult has completed, you can reasonably predict how likely
   they are to believe global climate change.
   c. People who are less educated probably don’t know how to interpret information from scientific studies
   and the news media.
   d. People who have less money and less education are not as informed about global issues.

Answer 13

b

Question 14

6. A researcher wants to see whether people are more likely to donate money to a charity when they
   receive a small gift from that charity. She sends an appeal for money from the charity to 1,000 people. For
   half of the people (randomly chosen) the letter includes free address labels and for half it does not. The
   researcher then sees whether those who got the address labels donate more money. Which of the
   following is true about this study?
   a. It uses the correlational method.
   b. The independent variable is whether people got address labels and the dependent variable is how
   much money they donate.
   c. The independent variable is how much money people donate and the dependent variable is whether
   they got address labels.
   d. The study is low in internal validity because the people who got the address labels may differ in other
   ways from the people who did not.

Answer 14

b

Question 15

7. Which of the following is the best way to increase the external validity of a study?
   a. Make sure it is low in psychological realism.
   b. Conduct the study in the laboratory instead of the field.
   c. Replicate the study with a different population of people in a different setting.
   d. Make sure you have at least two dependent variables.

Answer 15

c

Question 16

8. Social psychologists often do experiments in the laboratory instead of on the field, so as to:
   a. increase internal validity.
   b. increase external validity.
   c. conduct a meta-analysis.
   d. decrease psychological realism.

Answer 16

a