Kap 13: Fordomme: årsager, konsekvenser og midler imod

Question 1

1. Findings from social neuroscience suggest that
   a. it has been evolutionarily beneficial for the brain to be able to rapidly form categories.
   b. the tendency to form categories and stereotypes is determined largely by experience.
   c. people in some cultures are more likely to form stereotypes than other people.
   d. experience plays almost no role in the ability to notice different categories.

Answer 1

a

Question 2

A group of delegates from all around the world attend a conference on diversity. One of the keynote
speakers is a professor from Asia. The delegates are very impressed with the way she delivers the talk.
They discuss among themselves that being from Asia, the professor must be very good at various other
things apart from academics like being traditional, creative, and a good homemaker. Can positive
stereotypes be wrong too?
a. No, a positive stereotype will only help promote peace and harmony.
b. Yes, a positive stereotype might categorize a person rather than see them as an individual.
c. No, a positive stereotype helps people appreciate the differences across communities.
d. Yes, a positive stereotype is a complex way of looking at the world.

Answer 2

b

Question 3

Which of the following beliefs is not true of benevolent sexism?
a. People who see women as fragile and morally pure are also more likely to think them as inferior.
b. Benevolent sexism leads people to treat women favorably when they are warm and competent.
c. Benevolent sexists think more negatively about women who don’t fulfill traditional notions of femininity.
d. Women who experience benevolent sexism at work perform equally as well as women who don’t
experience benevolent sexism.

Answer 3

d

Question 4

What leads us to admire a social group?

a. The group is stereotyped as being incompetent and not warm.
b. The group is stereotyped as being competent but not warm.
c. The group is stereotyped as being incompetent but warm.
d. The group is stereotyped as being competent and warm.

Answer 4

d

Question 5

According to social psychologists, ____________ prejudice may be declining; however, ______________
attitudes tend to still keep the prejudice alive below the surface.
a. explicit; implicit
b. implicit; explicit
c. explicit; hostile
d. implicit; hostile

Answer 5

a

Question 6

What is a suppressed prejudice?

a. A person holds a prejudice without being aware of it.
b. A person has a tendency to become prejudiced under the right circumstances.
c. A person knows he or she is prejudiced but chooses not to express it in public.
d. A person reveals a prejudice subtly, by implying a bias rather than saying so outright.

Answer 6

c

Question 7

What is an implicit prejudice?

a. A person holds a prejudice without being aware of it.
b. A person has a tendency to become prejudiced under the right circumstances.
c. A person knows he or she is prejudiced but chooses not to express it in public.
d. A person reveals a prejudice subtly, by implying a bias rather than saying so outright.

Answer 7

a

Question 8

When people are attached to a “bogus pipeline” or other technological “lie detectors,” how does this
affect their willingness to admit their prejudices?
a. They are more likely admit prejudices that they would otherwise suppress.
b. They are more likely to admit unconscious prejudices.
c. They are less likely to admit any kind of prejudice.
d. They are less likely to reveal sexism but more likely to reveal anti-Semitism.

Answer 8

a

Question 9

What is one of the main problems with the Implicit Association Test?

a. People can’t respond to the pairs of associations rapidly enough.
b. It is pretty good at identifying racism but not other kinds of prejudice.
c. It may reflect cultural norms more than individual prejudices.
d. It is a better test of explicit prejudice than implicit prejudice.

Answer 9

d

Question 10

Jackie’s attitude toward Muslim people is tested with the help of an Implicit Association Test (IAT). Later
when she meets Muhamad, a Muslim man, which of the following would be the best indication of Jackie’s
attitude as measured through the IAT?
a. Whether she will call Muhamad offensive names.
b. How strongly she will explicitly deny having islamophobia.
c. The amount of eye contact she will make with Muhamad.
d. Whether she will later refer to Muhamad as “that Muslim guy I met.”

Answer 10

d

Question 11

People in Community A have a certain prejudice against Indians and do not think they are friendly.
When an Indian lady, Shalini, moves in to the area, not many people try to become friends with her. After
a few months, Shalini moves out of the area because she thinks the people of that community are hostile
toward her. Seeing that Shalini moves out, residents of Community A become even more convinced that
Indians are uncooperative and unsociable. This example represents a case of
a. justification effect.
b. self-fulfilling prophecy.
c. implicit prejudice.
d. stereotype threat.

Answer 11

c

Question 12

Regina, who is a talented baseball player, on her way to take a language test overhears someone say
that athletes are usually not very smart. Later, Regina does poorly on her test—much worse than she
normally would have. Regina has become a victim of
a. an illusory correlation.
b. benevolent sexism.
c. attributional ambiguity.
d. stereotype threat.

Answer 12

d

Question 13

What is an aspect of social identity threat?

a. Feeling threatened by prejudices we wish we didn’t have
b. Feeling threatened by stereotypes we hold about other people
c. Feeling threatened by people who confirm our stereotypes
d. Feeling threatened by stereotypes that others hold of our group

Answer 13

d

Question 14

How can test takers reduce the effects of social identity threat on their performance?

a. By reminding themselves of their skills and good qualities
b. By denying that stereotypes affect them
c. By studying harder
d. By blaming cultural prejudices in society

Answer 14

a

Question 15

Which of these ways of thinking can reduce the power of social identity threat?
a. Understanding that people’s abilities are pretty fixed, so it’s not worth being upset if you don’t do well
on a test
b. Being aware that anxiety about taking tests is normal, especially for members of stigmatized groups
c. Accepting the cultural stereotype as one that is likely to be based on actual group differences
d. Spend 5 minutes before the test reflecting on your stigmatized group identity and how it defines you

Answer 15

b

Question 16

According to realistic conflict theory, prejudice and discrimination are likely to increase when

a. a country has a history of racism.
b. people who hold stereotypes about a target group are frustrated.
c. people know that their close friends are prejudiced.
d. people are competing for jobs and security.
e. prejudice is explicit rather than implicit.

Answer 16

d

Question 17

Zhang thinks that the members of his in-group have their own uniqueness and strengths; However,
when describing the members of an out-group, he emphasizes that the latter share a great deal of
similarities. Zhang’s perception can be explained by
a. out-group homogeneity.
b. minimal group paradigm.
c. discrimination against out-groups.
d. implicit prejudice.

Answer 17

a

Question 18

A psychologist attempts to generate some explanations for Jane’s prejudice against her out-group
members. Which one of the following is an exception?
a. Jane thinks that the members of her out-group are getting much better jobs than her in-group
members.
b. Jane, who belongs to the dominant social group in the
community, feels that she and her in-group members are more superior than the members of her outgroup.
c. Jane believes that her in-group members unanimously have negative feelings toward the out-group.
d. Jane believes that the members of her out-group are warm but incompetent.

Answer 18

d

Question 19

Most of the people are caught between the struggle to express their prejudice and the need to
maintain a positive self-image. To relieve oneself from the discomfort experienced by suppressing their
prejudice, people tend to
a. resort to self-talk to convince oneself why suppressing their prejudice is important.
b. look for information to justify their prejudice.
c. try to befriend a member of the group they are prejudiced against.
d. hold a prejudiced attitude toward an out-group without harboring any feelings of resentment.

Answer 19

a

Question 20

The Robber’s Cave study created hostility between two groups of boys by

a. putting them in competitive situations with prizes for the winners.
b. allowing them to freely express their feelings of anger.
c. randomly giving one group more privileges.
d. letting the boys set their own rules and games.

Answer 20

a

Question 21

1. Increasing contact between groups will reduce prejudice if the following conditions are met except one.
Which one?
a. Common goals
b. Higher status of the minority group
c. Cooperation between groups
d. Approval of authorities

Answer 21

d

Question 22

Which of the following is not true of the Robber’s Cave study?
a. The activities conducted between the two groups increased cohesiveness within a group’s members.
b. The boys were all strangers to each other, healthy in appearance, and from similar backgrounds.
c. Bringing the boys together in a noncompetitive setting reduced conflicts.
d. The study created hostility between two groups of boys by putting them in competitive situations with
prizes for the winners.

Answer 22

c

Question 23

a. The students were given equal status.
b. The classroom environments were highly competitive.
c. The minority students didn’t try hard enough to make friends.
d. The majority students shared the same goals as the minority students.

Answer 23

b

Question 24

All of the following are relevant to the jigsaw classroom, except

a. Students are randomized into different groups every once a while.
b. Students in the same group perform tasks interdependently.
c. The goal of the jigsaw classroom is to reduce prejudice and increase self-esteem.
d. Groups in the jigsaw classroom are usually multi-racial and small in number.

Answer 24

a

Question 25

What is one of the main reasons that the jigsaw method is effective?

a. It requires kids to behave in polite and empathic ways.
b. It sets clear rules for good behavior.
c. It allows kids to express their real feelings toward one another.
d. It breaks down in-group versus out-group perceptions and stereotypes.

Answer 25

d