Kap 4: Social perception: Hvordan vi forstår andre mennesker

Question 1

1. Joshua Susskind et al. (2008) studied the facial expressions of disgust and fear. What major conclusion
   did they arrive at?
   a. The muscle movements of the emotions of disgust and fear were exactly the same.
   b. The “fear face” decreases perception, while “disgust face” enhances perception.
   c. For fear, less air is breathed in and eye movements are slower; in contrast, for disgust, eyes widen and
   more air is breathed in.
   d. The muscle movements of the emotions of disgust and fear were completely the opposite.

Answer 1

d

Question 2

2. The research by Paul Ekman and Walter Friesen (1973) indicated that the ability to interpret six major
   emotions is
   a. a product of people’s particular cultural experiences.
   b. a result of an individual’s predispositions.
   c. cross-cultural.
   d. highly individualistic.

Answer 2

c

Question 3

3. In case of pride, research has indicated that
   a. photographs of pride expressions could not be accurately decoded by participants from the United
   States.
   b. the prototypical pride expressions included slumped shoulders and a sunken chest.
   c. photographs of pride expressions were accurately decoded by participants from the United States.
   d. pride expressions were not associated with winning around the world.

Answer 3

c

Question 4

4. A large number of researches have indicated that decoding facial expressions accurately is complicated
   because
   a. one part of people’s face registers one emotion while another part registers a different emotion.
   b. aspects of the same facial expression have similar implications irrespective of the context and other
   cues.
   c. display rules are not particular to each culture and do not dictate what kinds of emotional expressions
   people are supposed to show.
   d. eye gaze has nothing to do with decoding of facial expressions in case of approach-oriented emotions
   like anger and avoidance-oriented emotions like fear.

Answer 4

a

Question 5

5. Gestures, such as the “OK” sign, which have well-understood definitions are called emblems. Which of
   the following is true about emblems?
   a. Each culture has devised its own emblems.
   b. Emblems are understandable to people across cultures.
   c. Emblems do not tell us about the sender’s intentions.
   d. Emblems are interpreted similarly all across the world.

Answer 5

a

Question 6

1. Based on research, which of the following candidates would be most likely to win a political election?
   a. Daniel, whose face other people often perceive as indicating an amiable personality
   b. Tanya, who many people believe is competent based only on her facial appearance
   c. Viraj, who many people believe is warm and friendly based only on her facial appearance
   d. Regina, whose face is usually seen by others as indicating a calculating and powerful personality

Answer 6

a

Question 7

2. Which of the following about social perception is true?
   a. We can be relatively accurate in judging a person’s sexual orientation based on their facial appearance.
   b. We can infer the character and personality of a person based on how they look.
   c. We can draw meaningful conclusions about a person’s personality based on a brief sample of their
   behavior.
   d. All of the above.

Answer 7

d

Question 8

3. Asch’s (1946) research on person perception provided evidence for which of the following conclusions?
   a. There is a primacy effect in social perception.
   b. First impressions serve as a filter through which subsequently learned information is interpreted.
   c. Even when the content of information conveyed
   about two individuals remains the same, the order in which we learn it can have a powerful effect on our
   impression.
   d. All of the above.

Answer 8

d

Question 9

4. The concept of display rules refers to:
   a. the principles that govern how experimental research on emotion is conducted.
   b. universal facial expressions of different emotions that are found to be common across most cultures.
   c. our genetic tendency to form varied emotions and facial expressions under different environmental
   contexts.
   d. culture-specific determinants that govern which nonverbal behaviors (e.g., emotions) are suitable to
   display when.

Answer 9

d

Question 10

5. Which of the following statements about impression management is true?
   a. It can be a conscious or unconscious process.
   b. It occurs in person but not during online interactions.
   c. It involves an effort to depict the self as accurately as possible.
   d. It tends to be counterproductive and “rub people the wrong way.”

Answer 10

c

Question 11

1. Kelley hypothesized that when we are in the process of forming an attribution,
   a. we do not bother to gather information from any source regarding a person’s behavior.
   b. we try to gather information to understand how a person’s behavior changes across time and place.
   c. we reach a conclusion about causes of people’s behavior based on our feelings.
   d. we do not give importance to change in a person’s behavior across time.

Answer 11

b

Question 12

2. The frequency with which the observed behavior between the same person and the same stimulus
   occurs across time and situations is known as
   a. discriminative information.
   b. observed information.
   c. consensus information.
   d. consistency information.

Answer 12

d

Question 13

3. Fundamental attribution error refers to the
   a. tendency to overestimate the extent to which other people’s behavior can be due to the situation they
   are in.
   b. tendency to underestimate other people’s behavior as a reflection of their internal, dispositional factors.
   c. tendency to overestimate other people’s behavior as a reflection of their dispositional beliefs and
   situational factors.
   d. tendency to overestimate the extent to which other people’s behavior can be due to dispositions and
   beliefs and the tendency to underestimate the role of situational factors.

Answer 13

d

Question 14

4. Which of the following is the most accurate conclusion based on the Jones and Harris (1967) Castro
   essay study?
   a. When a target’s behavior is forced, perceivers do not attribute it to any sort of internal cause.
   b. We are less generous with ourselves when making attributions for negative events than we are when
   others are the actors.
   c. We are more likely to make an internal attribution for a chosen action versus a forced action.
   d. We are more likely to make an internal attribution when the actor in question is perceptually salient.

Answer 14

c

Question 15

5. Sasha is a writer who is trying to get her first novel published. She has sent out her manuscript to
   Jumping Jacks publishing company but, unfortunately she has received a rejection. According to the
   theory of self-serving attributions, Sasha will most likely attribute this rejection to:
   a. her lack of effort.
   b. her poor writing skills.
   c. the terrible title of the novel.
   d. unfair editors.

Answer 15

d

Question 16

1. Research has indicated that the values inherent in an individualistic Western culture causes people to
   develop more of an analytic thinking style that involves
   a. paying more attention to the context or the situation rather than to the properties of the person or the
   object.
   b. paying more attention to the properties of the person or the object rather than to the context or the
   situation.
   c. paying equal attention to the context or situation as well as to the properties of the object or the
   person.
   d. paying attention to all the others in the group and judging the person.

Answer 16

b

Question 17

2. Event-related potentials (ERP) research measuring its patterns among individuals from different cultures
   has indicated that
   a. European American participants paid more attention to the context surrounding the targets rather than
   the targets while East Asian Americans paid less attention to the context surrounding the targets and paid
   more attention to the target.
   b. No significant difference was found between European American participants and East Asian American
   participants in terms of attention paid to the targets.
   c. East Asian American participants paid more attention to the context surrounding the targets while
   European American participants paid more attention to the targets.
   d. No significant difference was found between European American participants and East Asian American
   participants in terms of attention paid to the context surrounding the targets.

Answer 17

c

Question 18

3. Individualistic and collectivistic cultures have been found to differ in explaining failure. Which of the
   following is true?
   a. In individualistic cultures, such as in the United States, people have a tendency toward self-serving bias.
   They tend to explain failure by looking outside of themselves, attributing it to the situation.
   b. In collectivistic cultures, such as the Chinese, people attribute failure to external causes as they want to
   defend themselves.
   c. In most of the collectivistic cultures, it is common to attribute failure to internal as well as external
   causes.
   d. In some of the Asian cultures, such as Korea and Japan, it is common to attribute failure to the situation
   and other external causes. Self-critical attributions are considered to weaken the interdependence of the
   group members.

Answer 18

a

Question 19

4. Preliminary research on just-world attributions compared cultures with extremes of wealth and poverty
   and cultures where wealth is more equally distributed. According to the research, in which cultures are
   just-world attributions more common?
   a. Cultures where wealth is poorly distributed.
   b. Cultures with extremes of wealth and poverty.
   c. Cultures that are very wealthy and there is no poverty.
   d. Cultures that are extremely poor.

Answer 19

b

Question 20

5. Belief in a just world is _______ that helps people maintain their vision of life as _______.
   a. an internal attribution; unpredictable
   b. a self-serving bias; unsafe
   c. an internal attribution; safe
   d. a defensive attribution; predictable

Answer 20

d