Kap 5. Attitudes and behavior

Question 1

Attitudes

Answer 1

a favourable or unfavourable evaluative reaction towards something or someone, rooted in one’s beliefs, and exhibited in one’s feelings and inclinations to act

Question 2

ABC modell

Answer 2

At holdninger har en affektiv, en følelse og en handlings del

Question 3

mere-exposure effect

Answer 3

the tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them

Question 4

classical conditioning

Answer 4

a learned response which results from the repeated pairing of a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus

Question 5

instrumental learning

Answer 5

when behavior is modified on the basis of consequences

Question 6

modelling

Answer 6

the acquisition of behavior on the basis of observing that of others (models)

Question 7

Heider’s balance theory

Answer 7

balance theory proposes that people will avoid having contradicting attitudes and evaluations of one object. if such inconsistency occurs, people are likely to adjust this.

Question 8

fire funksjoner til holdning

Answer 8

1. kunnskapfunksjon
2. instrumentell funksjon
3. egos forsvars funksjon
4. verdiuttrykkende funksjon

Question 9

acquiscence bias

Answer 9

occurs when participants consistently respond “yes” to all items in a quiestionnaire, regardless of what’s being asked

Question 10

social desirability

Answer 10

refers to the tendency of participants to respond in a way that will be viewed as favourably by others, including the researcher.

Question 11

social distance scale

Answer 11

measures peoples willingness to have close social contact with people from diverse social groups

Question 12

implicit association test

Answer 12

an implicit method of measuring attitudes based on automatic associations that exist between objects and concepts

Question 13

theory of reasoned action (TRA)

Answer 13

that a persons intended behavior is contingent upon their attitude anout that behavior and subjective norms

Question 14

theory of planned behavior (TPB)

Answer 14

as TRA, but with the addition that peoples behavior is shaped by their confidence in being able to preform it, or having it under control.

Question 15

illusion of control

Answer 15

perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one’s control or as more controllable than they are

Question 16

availability heuristic

Answer 16

a rule of thumb that judges the likelihood of things based on their availability in memory. if something comes readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace

Question 17

subjective norms

Answer 17

the exertion of social pressure based on the perception and expectations of important others, such as fellow ingroup members, that guide our actions

Question 18

imposter syndrome

Answer 18

defines a fear of being exposed as a fraud based on perceived self-incompetency

Question 19

cognitive dissonance

Answer 19

tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions.

• f.eks dissonance may occur when we realize that we have, with little justification, acted contrary to our attitudes. This inconsistency is unpleasant, and people use different methods to combat the dissonance

Question 20

insufficient justification effect

Answer 20

reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one´s behaviour when external justification is ínsufficient´

Question 21

overjustification effect

Answer 21

the result of bribing people to do what they already like doing

they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing

Question 22

self-affirmation theory

Answer 22

a theory that

a) people often experience a self-image threat, after engaging in a undesirable behaviour;

b) they can compensate by affirming another aspect of the self.
Thrathen people´s self-concept in one domain, and they will compensate either by refocusing or by doing good deeds in some other domain