Kap 5. Attitudes and behavior Flashcards
Attitudes
a favourable or unfavourable evaluative reaction towards something or someone, rooted in one’s beliefs, and exhibited in one’s feelings and inclinations to act
ABC modell
At holdninger har en affektiv, en følelse og en handlings del
mere-exposure effect
the tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them
classical conditioning
a learned response which results from the repeated pairing of a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus
instrumental learning
when behavior is modified on the basis of consequences
modelling
the acquisition of behavior on the basis of observing that of others (models)
Heider’s balance theory
balance theory proposes that people will avoid having contradicting attitudes and evaluations of one object. if such inconsistency occurs, people are likely to adjust this.
fire funksjoner til holdning
- kunnskapfunksjon
- instrumentell funksjon
- egos forsvars funksjon
- verdiuttrykkende funksjon
acquiscence bias
occurs when participants consistently respond “yes” to all items in a quiestionnaire, regardless of what’s being asked
social desirability
refers to the tendency of participants to respond in a way that will be viewed as favourably by others, including the researcher.
social distance scale
measures peoples willingness to have close social contact with people from diverse social groups
implicit association test
an implicit method of measuring attitudes based on automatic associations that exist between objects and concepts
theory of reasoned action (TRA)
that a persons intended behavior is contingent upon their attitude anout that behavior and subjective norms
theory of planned behavior (TPB)
as TRA, but with the addition that peoples behavior is shaped by their confidence in being able to preform it, or having it under control.
illusion of control
perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one’s control or as more controllable than they are
availability heuristic
a rule of thumb that judges the likelihood of things based on their availability in memory. if something comes readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace
subjective norms
the exertion of social pressure based on the perception and expectations of important others, such as fellow ingroup members, that guide our actions
imposter syndrome
defines a fear of being exposed as a fraud based on perceived self-incompetency
cognitive dissonance
tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions.
- f.eks dissonance may occur when we realize that we have, with little justification, acted contrary to our attitudes. This inconsistency is unpleasant, and people use different methods to combat the dissonance
insufficient justification effect
reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one´s behaviour when external justification is ínsufficient´
overjustification effect
the result of bribing people to do what they already like doing
they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing
self-affirmation theory
a theory that
a) people often experience a self-image threat, after engaging in a undesirable behaviour;
b) they can compensate by affirming another aspect of the self.
Thrathen people´s self-concept in one domain, and they will compensate either by refocusing or by doing good deeds in some other domain
