Kap 3. The self (Boka) Flashcards
self-concept
a person´s answers to the question “Who am I ?”
self-schemas
beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant informatio
self-reference effect
the tendency to process efficiently and remember well information related to oneself
inverted - U Rating Time effect
refererer til et fenomen der tiden det tar å vurdere noe (f.eks. et produkt, en oppgave, eller en beslutning) følger en omvendt U-formet kurve.
f.eks adjectives independently assessed as being extremely like or unlike the self had significantly faster rating times than adjectives only moderately self-descriptive
facial mimicry
an automatic, unconscious reaction to an emotional face, with a congruent facial expression
possible selves
images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future
Self-discrepancy theory
“Våre ulike selvoppfatinger stemmer kanskje ikke overens med hverandre, og skaper dermed avvik som kan gi psykologisk ubehag.
En ide utdypet av higgins (1987) i hans teori om selvavvik. Teorien omhandler at avvik mellom “the actual self” og “the ideal self” fører til nedtrykthet-relaterte følelser (skuffelse, misnøye, tristhet) og at avvik mellom “The actual self” og “the ought self” genererer irritasjonsrelatert følelse ( frykt, trussel, rastløshet)
s 59-60
Tre typer selvrepresentasjon
- The actual self - angående funksjoner som folk tror de har
- The ideal self - inkluderer egenskaper som folk ønsker å ha å…
- The ought self - som omhandler attribusjoner som folk tror de har et ansvar for å oppnå
Social identity
One´s sense of self and identity based on membership in social groups
social comparisons
evaluating one´s abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others
schadenfreude
to take pleasure in somebody else´s misfortune
Downwards Comparion Theory
when our selfesteem is threathened we compare downwards to restore it
the succees-feeds-self-esteem principle
Induvidualism / independence
a cultur orientation where the individual is more important that the group. People in such cultures commonly give priority to one´s own goals over group goals, and define one´s indentity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications (compare to collectivism)
Collectivism
a cultural orientation where the group is more important than the individual. People in such cultures commonly give priority to the goals of their identity accordingly (the opposite of individulism)
interdependent self
construing one`s identity in relation to others
self-esteem
a persons´s overall negative or positive self-evaluation or sense of self-worth
Machiavellianism
manipulative behaviour aimed at obtaining an advantage for the self, without any moral concern and regard for the dignity of others.
Narcissism
an uncontrolled, compulsive self love
self-serving bias
the tendency to perceive oneself favourably
self-serving attribution
a form of self-serving bias: the tendency to attribute postitive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors
defensive pessimism
the adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one`s anxiety to motivate effective action
false consensus effect
the tendency to overstimulate the communality of one´s opinions and one´s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviours
false uniqueness effect
the tendency to underestimate the commonality of one´s desirable or successfull behaviour
locus of control
a person´s belief about who or what is responsible for what happens. Can either be internal ( I control my life) or extrernal (the enviroment, a higher power, or other people control my life)
self-efficacy
how competent we feel on a task
one´s sense of competence and ability to handle different situations, and produce an intended result: distinguished from self-estee, which is one´s sense of self-worth. A
learned helplessness
the hopelessess and resignation learned when a human or an animal perceives no control over repeated bad events; this commonly leads to depressive symptoms
self-handicapping
protecting one´s self-image with behaviours that create a handy excuse for later failure
1. behavioural s-h - activly acquiring an onstacle to perfromance
2. claimed s-h - the stated presence of barriers
self-representation
the act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favourable impression or an impression that corresponds to one´s ideals
Idealized virtual-identity hypothesis
believe that people use the internet to display idealized selves that do not match actual personality characteristics
Extended real-life hypothesis
according to which the personal information that people include online mirrors their real thoughts, feelings, interests and physical apperance.
(better account for why people use OSN)
self-monitoring
letting situational cues guide the way one presents oneself in social situations, and adjusting one´s performance to create the desired impression, rather than acting on own needs or values.
