Kap 3. The self (Boka)

Question 1

self-concept

Answer 1

a person´s answers to the question “Who am I ?”

Question 2

self-schemas

Answer 2

beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant informatio

Question 3

self-reference effect

Answer 3

the tendency to process efficiently and remember well information related to oneself

Question 4

inverted - U Rating Time effect

Answer 4

refererer til et fenomen der tiden det tar å vurdere noe (f.eks. et produkt, en oppgave, eller en beslutning) følger en omvendt U-formet kurve.

f.eks adjectives independently assessed as being extremely like or unlike the self had significantly faster rating times than adjectives only moderately self-descriptive

Question 5

facial mimicry

Answer 5

an automatic, unconscious reaction to an emotional face, with a congruent facial expression

Question 6

possible selves

Answer 6

images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future

Question 7

Self-discrepancy theory

Answer 7

“Våre ulike selvoppfatinger stemmer kanskje ikke overens med hverandre, og skaper dermed avvik som kan gi psykologisk ubehag.
En ide utdypet av higgins (1987) i hans teori om selvavvik. Teorien omhandler at avvik mellom “the actual self” og “the ideal self” fører til nedtrykthet-relaterte følelser (skuffelse, misnøye, tristhet) og at avvik mellom “The actual self” og “the ought self” genererer irritasjonsrelatert følelse ( frykt, trussel, rastløshet)

s 59-60

Tre typer selvrepresentasjon

1. The actual self - angående funksjoner som folk tror de har
2. The ideal self - inkluderer egenskaper som folk ønsker å ha å…
3. The ought self - som omhandler attribusjoner som folk tror de har et ansvar for å oppnå

Question 8

Social identity

Answer 8

One´s sense of self and identity based on membership in social groups

Question 9

social comparisons

Answer 9

evaluating one´s abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others

Question 10

schadenfreude

Answer 10

to take pleasure in somebody else´s misfortune

Question 11

Downwards Comparion Theory

Answer 11

when our selfesteem is threathened we compare downwards to restore it

Question 12

the succees-feeds-self-esteem principle

Question 13

Induvidualism / independence

Answer 13

a cultur orientation where the individual is more important that the group. People in such cultures commonly give priority to one´s own goals over group goals, and define one´s indentity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications (compare to collectivism)

Question 14

Collectivism

Answer 14

a cultural orientation where the group is more important than the individual. People in such cultures commonly give priority to the goals of their identity accordingly (the opposite of individulism)

Question 15

interdependent self

Answer 15

construing one`s identity in relation to others

Question 16

self-esteem

Answer 16

a persons´s overall negative or positive self-evaluation or sense of self-worth

Question 17

Machiavellianism

Answer 17

manipulative behaviour aimed at obtaining an advantage for the self, without any moral concern and regard for the dignity of others.

Question 18

Narcissism

Answer 18

an uncontrolled, compulsive self love

Question 19

self-serving bias

Answer 19

the tendency to perceive oneself favourably

Question 20

self-serving attribution

Answer 20

a form of self-serving bias: the tendency to attribute postitive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors

Question 21

defensive pessimism

Answer 21

the adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one`s anxiety to motivate effective action

Question 22

false consensus effect

Answer 22

the tendency to overstimulate the communality of one´s opinions and one´s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviours

Question 23

false uniqueness effect

Answer 23

the tendency to underestimate the commonality of one´s desirable or successfull behaviour

Question 24

locus of control

Answer 24

a person´s belief about who or what is responsible for what happens. Can either be internal ( I control my life) or extrernal (the enviroment, a higher power, or other people control my life)

Question 24

self-efficacy

Answer 24

how competent we feel on a task

one´s sense of competence and ability to handle different situations, and produce an intended result: distinguished from self-estee, which is one´s sense of self-worth. A

Question 25

learned helplessness

Answer 25

the hopelessess and resignation learned when a human or an animal perceives no control over repeated bad events; this commonly leads to depressive symptoms

Question 26

self-handicapping

Answer 26

protecting one´s self-image with behaviours that create a handy excuse for later failure
1. behavioural s-h - activly acquiring an onstacle to perfromance
2. claimed s-h - the stated presence of barriers

Question 27

self-representation

Answer 27

the act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favourable impression or an impression that corresponds to one´s ideals

Question 28

Idealized virtual-identity hypothesis

Answer 28

believe that people use the internet to display idealized selves that do not match actual personality characteristics

Question 29

Extended real-life hypothesis

Answer 29

according to which the personal information that people include online mirrors their real thoughts, feelings, interests and physical apperance.

(better account for why people use OSN)

Question 30

self-monitoring

Answer 30

letting situational cues guide the way one presents oneself in social situations, and adjusting one´s performance to create the desired impression, rather than acting on own needs or values.