Kap 4. Social beliefs and judgements Flashcards
priming
activating particular associations in memory
belief perseverance
persistence of one´s initial conceptions, as when the basis for one´s belief is discredited but an explanation of why belief might be true survives
Misinformation effect
incorporating ´misinformation´into one´s memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receving misleading information
controlled processing
mental activities that require conscious, deliberate and reflective thinking
automatic processing
mental activities happening with little or no conscious awareness. This is both effortless and habitual
Fundamental attrubution error
the tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others´behaviour.
(also called corresponcence bias, because we so often see behaviour as corresponding t a dispostion)
social encoding
the process of getting social information into memory.
It comprises initally attending to and perceiving social information, understanding it and making connections with information already in memory. Our previous social experiences are a very important part of the process
Kulechov effect
An effect that film-makers can control people´s perceptions of emotion by manipulating the setting in which they see a face
overconfidence phenomenon
the tendency to be more confident than correct
- to overestimate the accuracy of one´s beliefs
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that confirms one´s preconceptions, rather than considering opposing information
Heuristic
a thinking strategy and problemsolving method that enables quick and easy judgements and search procedures
Tommelfinger regel
availability heuristic
a rule of thumb that judges the likelihood of things based on their availability in memory. If something comes readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace
illusion of control
perception of uncontrollale events as subjects to one´s control or as more controllable than they are
Illusory correlation
perception of a relationship where none exists or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists
regression towards the average
the statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behaviour to return towards one´s average
missattribution
mistakenly attributing a behavoiur to the wrong source
Attribution theory
the theory of how people explain others´behaviour
f.e by attributing it either to internal dispositions (enduring traits, motives and attitudes) or to external situations
situational attribution
attributing behaviour to the environment
dispositional attribution
attributing behaviour to the persons´s disposition and traits
self-perception theory
proposes that attitudes are inferred from observation of one´s own behaviour
self -awereness
a self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself. It makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions
ecological validity
the extent to which findings observed in a study reflect what actually occurs in natural settings.
Psychological laboratory reseach has been criticized for its low ecological validity
correspondence bias
the tendency to explain behaviour according to stable personality traits and dispositons
ultimate attribution error
a bias in which positive actions of one´s own group are perceived as normative, and negative acts are seen as unusual or exceptional.
Conversely, negative actions carried out by a member of an outgroup are seen as normative for that group, and positive acts are regarded as unusual
demad characterisitcs
occur when participants interpret what the expected findings of a study are based on implicit cues, such as the presence of certain objects, or the reachers manner, and alters their behaviour to fit with those expectations
self-fulfilling prophecy
occurs when people´s expectations lead to the occurrence of the expected behaviour or outcome. A girl or a teacher´s belief that girls are never good at sciences could thus lead to its own fulfilment
behavioural confirmation
a type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people´s social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations
