Kap 4. Social beliefs and judgements

Question 1

priming

Answer 1

activating particular associations in memory

Question 2

belief perseverance

Answer 2

persistence of one´s initial conceptions, as when the basis for one´s belief is discredited but an explanation of why belief might be true survives

Question 3

Misinformation effect

Answer 3

incorporating ´misinformation´into one´s memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receving misleading information

Question 4

controlled processing

Answer 4

mental activities that require conscious, deliberate and reflective thinking

Question 5

automatic processing

Answer 5

mental activities happening with little or no conscious awareness. This is both effortless and habitual

Question 6

Fundamental attrubution error

Answer 6

the tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others´behaviour.

(also called corresponcence bias, because we so often see behaviour as corresponding t a dispostion)

Question 7

social encoding

Answer 7

the process of getting social information into memory.

It comprises initally attending to and perceiving social information, understanding it and making connections with information already in memory. Our previous social experiences are a very important part of the process

Question 8

Kulechov effect

Answer 8

An effect that film-makers can control people´s perceptions of emotion by manipulating the setting in which they see a face

Question 9

overconfidence phenomenon

Answer 9

the tendency to be more confident than correct
- to overestimate the accuracy of one´s beliefs

Question 10

confirmation bias

Answer 10

a tendency to search for information that confirms one´s preconceptions, rather than considering opposing information

Question 11

Heuristic

Answer 11

a thinking strategy and problemsolving method that enables quick and easy judgements and search procedures

Question 12

availability heuristic

Answer 12

a rule of thumb that judges the likelihood of things based on their availability in memory. If something comes readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace

Question 13

illusion of control

Answer 13

perception of uncontrollale events as subjects to one´s control or as more controllable than they are

Question 14

Illusory correlation

Answer 14

perception of a relationship where none exists or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists

Question 15

regression towards the average

Answer 15

the statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behaviour to return towards one´s average

Question 16

missattribution

Answer 16

mistakenly attributing a behavoiur to the wrong source

Question 17

Attribution theory

Answer 17

the theory of how people explain others´behaviour

f.e by attributing it either to internal dispositions (enduring traits, motives and attitudes) or to external situations

Question 18

situational attribution

Answer 18

attributing behaviour to the environment

Question 19

dispositional attribution

Answer 19

attributing behaviour to the persons´s disposition and traits

Question 20

self-perception theory

Answer 20

proposes that attitudes are inferred from observation of one´s own behaviour

Question 21

self -awereness

Answer 21

a self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself. It makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions

Question 22

ecological validity

Answer 22

the extent to which findings observed in a study reflect what actually occurs in natural settings.

Psychological laboratory reseach has been criticized for its low ecological validity

Question 23

correspondence bias

Answer 23

the tendency to explain behaviour according to stable personality traits and dispositons

Question 24

ultimate attribution error

Answer 24

a bias in which positive actions of one´s own group are perceived as normative, and negative acts are seen as unusual or exceptional.

Conversely, negative actions carried out by a member of an outgroup are seen as normative for that group, and positive acts are regarded as unusual

Question 25

demad characterisitcs

Answer 25

occur when participants interpret what the expected findings of a study are based on implicit cues, such as the presence of certain objects, or the reachers manner, and alters their behaviour to fit with those expectations

Question 26

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 26

occurs when people´s expectations lead to the occurrence of the expected behaviour or outcome. A girl or a teacher´s belief that girls are never good at sciences could thus lead to its own fulfilment

Question 27

behavioural confirmation

Answer 27

a type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people´s social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations