Kap 3: Social Kognition; Hvordan vi tænker om den sociale verden

Question 1

1. Which of the following is the best summary of research on automatic thinking?
   a. Automatic thinking is vital to human survival, but it is not perfect and can produce mistaken judgments
   that have important consequences.
   b. Automatic thinking is amazingly accurate and rarely produces errors of any consequence.
   c. Automatic thinking is a problem because it usually produces mistaken judgments.
   d. Automatic thinking works best when it occurs consciously.

Answer 1

a

Question 2

2. Jack and Natalie are walking along the street when they see a driver running the red light. Jack
   immediately assumes that the driver is reckless and irresponsible, whereas Natalie assumes that the
   person probably ran the red light because of an emergency. What is the best explanation for why Jack
   and Natalie interpreted this event differently?
   a. Jack was engaged in controlled thinking, whereas Natalie was not.
   b. Jack and Natalie have different personalities.
   c. Jack holds a liberal political view whereas Natalie holds a conservative political view.
   d. Different schemas were accessible in Jack and Natalie’s minds, perhaps because they had different
   recent experiences that primed different schemas.

Answer 2

d

Question 3

3. Which of the following is true about the use of schemas?
   a. Schemas are an example of controlled thinking.
   b. When people have an incorrect schema, rarely do they act in a way to make it come true.
   c. Although schemas can lead to errors, they are a useful way of organizing information about the world
   and filling in gaps in our knowledge.
   d. The schema we use is influenced only by what information is chronically accessible and not by our
   goals or by what has been primed recently.

Answer 3

c

Question 4

unfriendly. So when she meets a British man at a party, she is discourteous and unpleasant toward him.
He, in turn, acts cold and hostile toward Josie. Which of the following best explains this scenario?
a. Analytic thinking
b. The representativeness heuristic
c. Cognitive dissonance
d. Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 4

d

Question 5

5. When deciding whether your psychology professor is friendly or not, you base your judgment on how
   easy it is for you to recall the number of times she smiled at you. This is an example of your use of ______
   a. the representativeness heuristic.
   b. the availability heuristic.
   c. the framing effect.
   d. counterfactual reasoning.

Answer 5

b

Question 6

6. Which one of the following involves the least amount of automatic thinking?
   a. Acting according to goals that have been primed
   b. Using metaphors about the body to make judgments
   c. Counterfactual reasoning
   d. Self-fulfilling prophecies

Answer 6

c

Question 7

7. Dennis usually picks up his groceries from Store A. One day he decides to take a detour and check out
   Store B, a shop that recently opened in his neighborhood. Unfortunately, on his way there, he is mugged
   and left badly injured. On his way back home, he keeps thinking to himself “if only I had not gone to Store
   B, I would not have been hurt . . .” Which of the following best describes why Dennis is having thoughts
   like this?
   a. Because he had expected positive events to take place that day.
   b. Because shopping at Store B is out of the ordinary for him.
   c. Because he had initially intended to pick up his groceries from Store A.
   d. Both B and C

Answer 7

d

Question 8

8. Research on controlled thinking and free will shows that:
   a. There is a disconnect between our conscious sense of how much we are causing our actions and how
   much we are really causing our actions.
   b. It doesn’t really matter whether or not people believe that they have free will.
   c. Some primates have just as much free will as human beings.
   d. People definitely do not have free will.

Answer 8

a

Question 9

9. For a research study, Jolene is made to watch a videotape of a man talking about his life. Throughout
   the tape, the man says some things that are stereotypical of a university professor. He also says some
   things that are stereotypical of an automotive mechanic. Before watching the video, Jolene was informed
   that the man is employed as a mechanic at a local automobile repair shop. According to schema theory,
   Jolene would probably remember more of his
   a. later utterances than his initial utterances.
   b. initial utterances than his later utterances.
   c. mechanic-consistent utterances than his professor-consistent utterances.
   d. professor-consistent utterances than his mechanic-consistent utterances.

Answer 9

c

Question 10

10. Based on everything you’ve read in this chapter, what is the best conclusion about social cognition?
    a. People would be better off if we could turn off automatic thinking and rely solely on controlled
    thinking.
    b. Whereas people are sophisticated social thinkers who have amazing cognitive abilities, there is also
    plenty of room for improvement.
    c. Social cognition is pretty much the same throughout the world in all cultures that have been studied.
    d. One purpose of controlled thinking is to set goals for ourselves; that cannot be done with automatic
    thinking.

Answer 10

b