KA6: Respiration Flashcards
What is respiration?
A series of enzyme-controlled reactions that all cells use to release the chemical energy stored in glucose
What is the source of energy in our cells
ATP
What is the energy released from the breakdown of glucose used for
To generate ATP from ADP:Pi and an inorganic phosphate
What is ADP + Pi
Adenosine trip-phosphate + inorganic phosphate
What are the uses of energy from respiration (5)
Cell Division
Heat
Muscle cell contraction
Transmission of nerve impulses
Protein sythesis
?? -> ?? -> ?? + ?? -> ?? -> ??
Resporation of glucose -> Energy used ->ATP + ADP Pi -> Energy released -> Cellular Processes
What does aerobic mean?
Oxygen is present
What is stage 1 of aerobic respiration
Glycolysis
What is stage 2 of aerobic respiration
Citric Acid Cycle
What are the steps of glycolysis
- Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate
- Involves a series of enzyme controlled reactions
- Releases 2 molecules of ATP
Where does glycolysis take place
The cytoplasm
Where does the citric acid cycle take place?
Mitochondria
What is the diagram for glycolysis?
Glucose
2ADP + Pi | Series of enzyme
2ATP | controlled reactions
\/
2 molecules of pyruvate
What are the stages of Citric Acid Cycle
- Both molecules of pyruvate are broken down into carbon dioxide and water if oxygen is present
- This is in a series of enzyme controlled reactions and releases 36 ATP
What is the diagram of the Citric Acid Cycle
2 molecules of Pyruvate + Oxygen
| Series of enzyme
36 ATP | controlled reactions
<—————
\/
Carbon Dioxide + Water
38 ATP is made from what
1 molecule of glucose
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration
Glucose + Oxygen <Enzymes> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP</Enzymes>
The higher the energy requirement of a cell…
The greater the number of mitochondria present in the cell
What cells contain lots of mitochondria
Muscle and sperm
What is a respirometer used for?
Rate of respiration
What is fermentation?
The breakdown of glucose when oxygen is absent
Where does fermentation occur?
Animal cells
Plant and yeast cells
What is the diagram for fermentation in animal cells?
Glucose
| 2ATP
| ——->
\/
2 molecules of pyruvate
| /\
\/ |
Lactate
What are the steps of fermentation in animal cells?
- Glycolysis still takes place as oxygen is not required
- Since there is no oxygen, pyruvate is converted into lactate
- When oxygen is present, lactate is converted back to pyruvate then the citric acid cycle occurs
Where does fermentation reaction occur?
Cytoplasm
What is the word equation for fermentation in animal cells
Glucose <Enzymes> Pyruvate <No> Lactate + Some energy</No></Enzymes>
Why do our muscles become sore
Because of lactate
What is the diagram for fermentation in plant and yeast cells?
Glucose
| 2ATP
| ——->
\/
2 molecules of pyruvate
|
\/
Carbon Dioxide + Ethanol
What are the stages of fermentation in plant and yeast cells
- Glycolysis still takes place as oxygen is not required
- Since no oxygen is present, pyruvate is converted into carbon dioxide and ethanol
- This is not reversivle and no ATP molecules are released
What is the word equation for fermentation in plant and yeast cells?
Glucose <Enzymes> Pyruvate <No> Carbon Dioxide + Ethanol + Some energy</No></Enzymes>
