KA2: Control and Communication

Question 1

What is the nervous system made up of

Answer 1

The Central Nervous System and other nerves

Question 2

What is the Central Nervous System made up of

Answer 2

The brain and spinal cord

Question 3

What is the brain made up of

Answer 3

Billions of neurones

Question 4

What is a neuron

Answer 4

Nerve cell

Question 5

What is the cerebrum

Answer 5

The largest part of the brain, split into 2 halves. Controls memory, personality, creativity and thoughts

Question 6

What is the cerebellum

Answer 6

Controls balance and co-ordination

Question 7

What is the medulla

Answer 7

Controls some vital body functions like heart rate and breathing rate

Question 8

What is a nerve cell also known as

Answer 8

Neuron

Question 9

What are the 3 types of neurons and what do they do

Answer 9

Sensory - pass sensory information to the CNS
Inter - Operates in the CNS
Motor - Enables a response to occur at an effector (muscle or gland)

Question 10

What is a synapse

Answer 10

A gap between 2 neurons

Question 11

How do chemicals transfer messages

Answer 11

By diffusing across a synapse

Question 12

What are the stages of synapse

Answer 12

1. Electrical impulse reached end of one neuron where there are tiny vacuoles containing chemicals
2. Chemicals transfer message across synapse
3. Receptors on the neuron capture the chemicals
4. The electrical impulse continues along the neuron

Question 13

Whats the difference between electrical impulses and chemical messages

Answer 13

Electrical impulses travel along a neuron
Chemical messaged pass across neurons at the synapse

Question 14

What are reflexes

Answer 14

Rapid, automatic and protective actions in response to damaging stimuli

Question 15

What is an example of reflexes

Answer 15

Withdrawal from extreme heat and pain
Blinking to clear eye
Coughing to clear windpipe
Sneezing to clear air passages

Question 16

What are the stages of reflex arc

Answer 16

A stimulus occurs
Detected by receptors in the skin
Impulses travel along sensory neurons
Passed along the inter neuron
Impulses travel along motor neurons
Effector is a muscle
Response

Question 17

What are hormones?

Answer 17

Hormones are chemical messengers found in the endocrine system

Question 18

What do endocrine glands release?

Answer 18

Hormones into the bloodstream to target organs

Question 19

What do target organs have?

Answer 19

Cells with complementary receptor proteins for specific hormones

Question 20

What are the hormones? (6)

Answer 20

Testosterone
Progesterone
Insulin
Thyroxin
ADH
Adrenaline

Question 21

What monitors glucose concentration?

Answer 21

Glucose receptors in the pancreas

Question 22

What does the liver do?

Answer 22

Acts as a resevoir for carbohydrate and stores extra glucose as the insoluable carbohydrate glycogen

Question 23

What hormones are involved in the regulation of blood glucose concentration?

Answer 23

Insulin
Glucagon

Question 24

What would cause blood glucose to increase?

Answer 24

Eating increases blood glucose
The rise is detected by receptors in the pancreas
Pancreas produces insulin
Insulin travels in the blod to the liver
This stimulates the liver to store it as glycogen to decrease the blood glucose concentration
Blood glucose concentration returned to normal

Question 25

What would cause blood glucose to decrease?

Answer 25

Missing a meal or exercise decreases
The fall is detected by receptors in the pancreas
Pancreas produces glucagon
Glucagon travels to liver
This stimulates it to convert glycogen to glucose increasing the blood glucose concentration
Blood glucose concentration returned to normal