JVD 2010 Flashcards
According to Verstraete and Peralta’s study in 2010 - what percentage of dogs had tooth resorption?
What percentage of teeth had tooth resorption?
In a study of 224 dogs ? 1 year of age, 53.6% of dogs had tooth resorption and 11.1% of teeth had tooth resorption.
Was the human classification of tooth resorption applicable in dogs?
Yes, 96% of TR in dogs could be classified as in humans
What dogs (signalment) is TR most common?
Older and large breed dogs.
What are the two most common types of tooth resorption in dogs?
External replacement resorption and external inflammatory resorption.
Feline orofacial pain syndrome - causes pain / signs where?
Oral discomfort and tongue mutilation.
Is FOPS thought of as a genetic disease?
Yes - thought of as inherited. Most previdlent win Burmese cats.
What nerve is implicated in FOPS?
Trigeminal nerve
Is oral disease or tooth eruption factors in the development of FOPS?
Yes – 63% of cases had a hx of oral lesions and 15% experienced the first sign of pain durin gthe eruption of permanent teeth.
Is FOPS typically bilateral or unilateral?
Unilateral.
What is the cavosurface margin?
The margin between the cut surface and the uncut surface of the tooth (ie. crown prepped for a metal crown)
What is meant by “supraocclusion” after a prosthetic crown placement?
“Hitting high” is premature contact of the restoration with the occlusing teeth.
How long can an ultrasonic scaler (with water) be used on a vital tooth during cleaning?
12-15 seconds
A study comparing an explorer, hand scaler, curette, and an
ultrasonic scaler on the effects on four metal alloys revealed that the _______ caused the most surface deterioration on metal restorations.
Ultrasonic scaler
What angle is brushing recommended at?
45 degree angle
What handpiece is used for polishing a cast metal crown?
Slow speed handpiece with a 90º prophylaxis angle.
On a vital tooth, how long should polishing be limited to, to avoid hyperthermia of the pulp?
5 seconds
How do you clean a cast metal crown?
Tin oxide prophylaxis powder is mixed with water or glycerin to remove most surface debris and calculus. Paste dries and can become abrasive. The final step of polishing, after the surface is smooth, is to
achieve a high gloss value.
List the Noble metals
Gold (Au), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), and osmium (Os).
What are the most common noble metals used in dentistry?
Gold (Au), palladium (Pd), and platinum (Pt) are
commonly used in dentistry
Are noble metals more or less corrosive
Less corrosive (more resistant to corrosion)
What base metals are often used in dentistry?
Base metals in dentistry include: titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Silver
(Ag), and Zinc (Zn).
What do base metals offer vs noble metals?
Base metals are less resistant to corrosion,
but offer strength, flexibility, and wear resistance.
Define Corrosion
The dissolution, deterioration or weakening of a solid.
What is pitting corrosion?
pitting corrosion occurs in a localized area where the oxide layer of the base metal like iron, nickel, and chromium is degraded in an acidic environment
with rapid dissolution of the underlying metal.
What is stress corrosion?
Stress corrosion occurs when mechanical stress and a corrosive environment exert
a negative effect on the metal resulting in a crack or hertzian fractures.
Where is stress corrosion most likely?
Stress corrosion can occur at margins due to over bending, over burnishing, or malleting the metal.
What is tarnish?
Tarnish is a surface discolouration from calculus, plaque, biofilm, mucin, oxides, sulfides and chlorides.
A dark unaesthetic discoloured crown is likely the result of what?
Silver sulfide = sulfur reacting wtih oxygen, water and sulfur.
What components of the mouth lead to the corrosion of metals?
Sulfur compounds from food.
Chloride ions from saliva
Phosphoric acid, acetic acid and lactic acid.
All alter the oral pH leading to corrosion.
What is polishability of a metal referring to?
The alloy’s hardness.
Is a hard alloy easier or harder to polish and indent?
A high hardness scale (Knoop’s hardness number) is more difficult to polish and indent.
What is the cavosurface margin of a tooth prepped for a crown?
The cavo surface angle is the angle of tooth structure formed by the junction of a prepared (cut) wall and the external surface of the tooth. The actual junction is referred to as cavosurface margin.
List the six categories of luxation injuries in order of increasing severity and likelihood of complications.
Concussion, subluxation, lateral luxation, extrusive luxation, intrusive luxation and avulsion.
What gauge wire will be best used to splint a luxated tooth?
24g
When is root canal done after splinting a luxated tooth?
7 to 10 days.
What is the dental formula of a swedish lynx (largest wild cat in europe)
2x(3/3I, 1/1C, /2, 1/1M)
What are two common variations in dentition seen in the Swedish Lynx?
Supernumerary roots (upper 3rd premolars, lower first molars) and peg teeth (supernumerary lower molar behind the lower first molar)
Does interstitial fluid drain through lymphatics or through other routes, such as extravascular pathways out of the pulp?
In a 2010 study, The dog dental pulp contained no vascular structures lined with lymphatic endothelium. Therefore concluded interstitial fluid drains through extravascular pathways out of pulp.
What are the two basic functions of saliva?
(1) supply digestive enzymes - composition varies between species
(2) mucus component act as a proctective lubricant
Under resting conditions – state whether saliva contains large amounts or little amounts of the following:
- Bicarbonate
- Potassium
- Sodium
- Chloride
- Bicarb - high amounts
- Potassium - high amounts
- Sodium - low amounts
- Chloride - low amounts
Where are mucous cells located?
What is mucus composed of?
Mucous cells are located throughout the GI tract just below the surface of epithelium.
Mucus is composed of water, electrolytes and glycoproteins.
What component of mucus acts as a buffering agent?
Glycoproteins.
Some species saliva contains bicarbonate.
Compared to plasma - does saliva have higher or lower concentrations of the folllwoing:
- Bicarbonate
- Potassium
- Sodium
- Chloride
There is higher concentration of bicarb and potassium in saliva compared to plasma, a/
Saliva has a lower concentration of sodium and chloride (1/7 and 1/10 respetively in humans) to that in plasma.
A conditiion causing significant hypersalivation can lead to what being depleated?
Potassium can be lost
What regulates saliva secretion?
The autonomic nervous system. Basal flow rate results from parasympathetic efferent signals/impulses from the salivary nuclei in the medulla oblongata.
What is the average pH of saliva in a dog and cat? In ruminants?
Dog and cat: Salivary pH 7.5
Ruminants: Salivary pH is even more alkaline at 8.2
Where are the lingual and labial salivary glands located? Do they produce small or large amounts of saliva?
Lingual and labial salivary glands are located with in the caudal tongue and submucosa of the lips respectively.
They produce minute amounts of saliva.
Where are buccal glands and palatal salivary glands found?
The submucosa of the buccal cavity is lined with buccal glands.
The palatal glands are found on the ventral surface of the SOFT palate.
List the main salivary glands in a dog. State if they are serous or mixed glands.
- Parotid glands – serous types
- Mandibular glands – mixed
- Sublingual glands – mucous type
- Zygomatic glands – only found in dog and cat of all the domestic species!!
Cats also have two molar salivary glands – mixed
CHECK!!
According to Dr. Reiter: Parotid – mixed seromucous or serous
Mandibular, sublingual and zygomatic are all mixed.
What salivary gland is unique to the dog and cat (no other domestic species has it)?
Unique to the cat?
The zygomatic glands are unique to the dog and cat.
Cats have molar salivary glands.
What nutrients does salia provide to the microorganisms in the rumen of ruminants?
Phosphate, bicarb – to neutralize large moutns of acid
Nitrogen phosphorus and sodium are nutrients provided to the microorganisms of the rumen.
May also act as antifoaming agent.
What is the main salivary gland of ruminants (supplying large volumes of fluid to the rumen)?
The parotid gland.
Provides 6-16L of saliva/day in a sheep.
Provides 60-160L/day in a cow
What important component of ssaliva in omnivores (rat, pig, human) converts starch to maltose
Amylase
Does gingival crevicular fluid (GCR) increase or decrease with periodontal disease?
Increases with PD
Normal gingival crevicular fluid is composed of what?
proteins, antibodies, antigens, enzymes, and cellular elements.
Compounds can be host derived or bacteria derived
What is the most common disease of the salivary glands in dogs?
Mucocele
Describe the cells lining a mucocele.
Non epithelial, non-secretory cells that are primarily fibroblasts and capillaries.
What age is a dog with a mucocele most likely to be?
2-4 years
What breeds are more prone to mucocele development?
Miniature poodles and GSD
What gland is most commonly associated with salivary mucocele development?
Sublingual
Sialoliths are sometimes associated with mucoceles. What are the sialoliths composed of?
Calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.
Due to the polystomatic anatomy and close proximity- the mandibular salivary gland and sublingual salivary gland are removed together - at what level is it recommended to transect the duct (ie. what structure is present at this level)?
The sublingual salivary duct is transected and ligated at the area of the lingual nerve. The duct defect rarely occurs rostral to the lingual nerve.
