JVD 2008 deck Flashcards
According to “The Periosteal Releasing Incison” by Mark Smith, what are the layers that must be cut through in making a mucoperiosteal flap?
mucosa, submucosa and periosteal tissues
According to “The Periosteal Releasing Incison” by Mark Smith, what is the periosteum?
CT that covers nonarticulating surfaces of bones
According to “The Periosteal Releasing Incison” by Mark Smith, what is a “compound flap?”
multiple tissue layers with intact periosteum at base of flap
According to “The Periosteal Releasing Incison” by Mark Smith, when extracting a large 104/204 the mucoperiosteal flap must be advanced how much to suture to the hard palate under no tension?
1-1.5cm (the width of the tooth)….
According to “The Periosteal Releasing Incison” by Mark Smith, what is the goal of a periosteal releasing incision?
close flap under no tension
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, who more commonly gets locked jaw syndrome, dogs or cats?
Dogs– 84% of cases in this study
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what is the definition of locked jaw syndrome?
inability to open or close the mouth
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what age group was most commonly affected in dogs?
Adult dogs (81%)
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what was the most common cause of locked jaw syndrome?
TMJ ankylosis secondary to fracture 54% (false TMJ ankylosis)
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what are some causes of locked jaw syndrome?
TMJ ankylosis secondary to fracture/trauma, MMM neoplasia, trigeminal nerve paralysis and CNS lesions, TMJ luxation, TMJ dysplasia, OA, retrobulbar abscess, tetanus, severe ear disease (didn’t mention FB)
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, of the differentials, who has a good prognosis? a poor one?
Good prognosis: MMM, fracture (pending tx of each); CNS lesions and OSA have poor prognosis
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, the TMJ joint capsule is divided into two compartments, describe them.
Dorsal compartment: btwn disc and temporal bone; ventral compartment: btwn disc and mandible
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what are some differences between the TMJ disc in a dog and cat?
Dog: follows curved anatomy of TMJ space w caudal convexity and thickened margins, lateral aspect of joint capsule stabilized by lateral ligament; Cat: thin fibrous malella (????), lateral aspect of joint capsule thickened
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what are the functions of the TMJ?
reduce friction by providing double synvocial film (MAIN); shock absorber, joint stabilizer
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what are the muscles of mastication responsible for opening and closing the jaw?
opening: rostral digastricus (CN VII), mylohyoideus; closing: masseter, temporalis, medial/lateral pterygoids
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, out of 31 dogs and 6 cats, was there a breed or sex predilection?
Not really (technically 65% male dogs, but said not overrepresented), more mixed breed (19%) but again not significant. Cats did have significantly higher (83%) mixed breed, but sample size too small to draw population inference.
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, was there any age association with locked jaw syndrome? was there any association between weight and age?
Dogs: 100% of dogs <1y had fractures, 70% of adult dogs (1y-8y) had other causes of locked jaw syndrome than fracture; No
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, 50% of cats had locked jaw syndrome secondary to what?
Fractures/trauma
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what is the current definition of trismus?
restricted jaw mvmd
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what is the difference between false and true ankylosis?
false: extra capsular lesion that limits mvmt; true: affects intracapsular structures
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, of the 54% of TMJ ankylosis causing locked jaw syndrome, what percent were false ankylosis? Which is more common in vet med true or false ankylosis?
90% false; false is more common in vet med (may be due to under diagnosing and treating)
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, why are cats less prone to false ankylosis caused by zygomatic fractures?
because of their wide curvature of the zygomatic arch
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what percent of TMJ fracture cases were HBC?
100% of cats; 70% of dogs
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what are the most commonly reported tumors of the canine TMJ?
OSA and MLO
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what was the mean age of MMM dogs in this study?
6y compared to previous reports of 3y
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what muscle groups does MMM affect?
masseter, temporalis, med/lat pterygoids, rostral digastricus
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, 2M test has what % spec/sens?
100% specific; 85-90% sensitive
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, when would a muscle biopsy be preferred?
patient on corticosteroids at time of 2M testing, polymyositis, severe muscle atrophy/fibrosis (too much loss of myofibers); side note (not mentioned): m. bx will also tell you degree of fibrosis and give prognosis
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what are some clinical signs of trigeminal n. paralysis?
loss of facial sensation, MM atrophy, lack of palpebral and corneal reflex +/- corneal ulcer; lesion can be unilateral and cause bilateral tonus and trismus
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what is the preferred tx method for TMJ ankylosis?
surgical intervention (condylectomy, +/- zygomectomy, +/- partial mandibulectomy, excisional arthroplasty)
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what percent of fracture cases had long-term TMJ ankylosis when treated with conservative management?
50%; no ankylosis reported in 2 cases that underwent surgery
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, in MMM what is recommended treatment?
prednisone at 2mg/kg BID in acute phase; can add azothioprine at 2mg/kg q24-48h in conjunction or to wean prednisone; working jaw at home
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what percent of MMM cases regained normal ROM of TMJ?
71%; 2 cases still had clinical signs
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what were the 2 most common causes of locked jaw syndrome? Did they have the best prognosis? Who had the worst?
Fracture and MMM; those had the best prognosis; OSA/neoplasia and CNS lesions had worst prognosis
According to “Effect of a Mucoadhesive Gel and Dental Scaling on Gingivitis in Dogs” by Bonello and Squarzoni, how were the two populations of dogs treated differently?
Both received PMGI (papillary-marginal gingivitis index) and GI (under GA) at day 0 with dental prophylaxis. Tx group received Resmotyl aka mucoadhesive gel aliamide (adelmidrol) 3x/day at home. Recheck PMGI at 15, 30, 45d and GI at 45d with another dental cleaning. Control group=no gel
According to “Effect of a Mucoadhesive Gel and Dental Scaling on Gingivitis in Dogs” by Bonello and Squarzoni, what was the concept behind the use of aliamide (adelmidrol)?
aliamides (synthetic analogues of endogenous fatty acid amides) inhibit local inflammation and pain via ALIA (autacoid local injury antagonism) via down-modulation of mast cell hyperactivity (inhibits mast cell degranulation). Mast cells release cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins, neuropeptides, and other inflammatory mediators involved in the inflammatory response of gingivitis (stage 1 or periodontal dz).
According to “Effect of a Mucoadhesive Gel and Dental Scaling on Gingivitis in Dogs” by Bonello and Squarzoni, did the control group exhibit a decrease in GI during the study? Was it significant?
Yes; no
According to “Effect of a Mucoadhesive Gel and Dental Scaling on Gingivitis in Dogs” by Bonello and Squarzoni, did dental prophylaxis alone decrease PMGI?
Yes but only during the first 15 days.
According to “Effect of a Mucoadhesive Gel and Dental Scaling on Gingivitis in Dogs” by Bonello and Squarzoni, was there a statistically different decrease in PMGI with the addition of mucoadhesive gel?
Yes. Albeit small…..
According to JVD Spring 2008, Extraction of Teeth in the Mandibular Quadrant of the Cat:
What are some indications for quadrant extractions in the cat?
Stomatitis, TR, PD Dz
According to JVD Spring 2008, Extraction of Teeth in the Mandibular Quadrant of the Cat:
How much buccal alveolar bone should be removed?
1/3-2/3 of the distance to the apex
According to JVD Spring 2008, Extraction of Teeth in the Mandibular Quadrant of the Cat:
Describe the steps involved in a quadrant extraction?
Intrasulcular and interdental incision, mesial and distal releasing incisions, periosteal elevator to lift MG flap, alveolectomy 1/3-2/3 of buccal bone, sectioning into single rooted crown root segments, periodontal elevation, extraction, alveoplasty, periosteal release, trim mucosal edges, closure
According to JVD Spring 2008, Comparison of Cold GP/Sealer and Resin Bonded Obturation
Techniques in Canine Teeth in Dogs,
What is the most common indication for endodontic therapy in companion animals?
Traumatic Pulp Exposure
According to JVD Spring 2008, Comparison of Cold GP/Sealer and Resin Bonded Obturation
Techniques in Canine Teeth in Dogs,
What are important properties of obturation materials?
Adhesion to root canal wall, Minimal volume change in setting, ability to establish a seal, biocompatibility.
According to JVD Spring 2008, Comparison of Cold GP/Sealer and Resin Bonded Obturation
Techniques in Canine Teeth in Dogs,
What percentage of GP obturated teeth demonstrated some leakage?
Was there a significant difference from resin based obturation?
23%, and NO
According to JVD Spring 2008, Comparison of Cold GP/Sealer and Resin Bonded Obturation
Techniques in Canine Teeth in Dogs,
In specimens showing leakage, How far did dye penetrate from the apical delta into the canal?
<1mm
According to JVD Spring 2008, Comparison of Cold GP/Sealer and Resin Bonded Obturation
Techniques in Canine Teeth in Dogs,
Was there any significant differences detected between obturants?
No
According to JVD Spring 2008, Comparison of Cold GP/Sealer and Resin Bonded Obturation
Techniques in Canine Teeth in Dogs,
What is a potential benefit of resin bonded obturation?
They form a micromechanical bond to the dentinal surface, creating a ‘monoblock’ theoretically solid unit.
According to JVD Spring 2008, Evaluation of Cross-Protection by Immunization with an
Experimental Trivalent Companion Animal Periodontitis Vaccine in the Mouse Periodontitis Model,
What are BPAB’s and name 4 of the most common canine isolated BPAB’s?
Black pigmented anaerobic bacteria, <i>Porphyromonas gulae, P. cansulci, P. salivosa, P. denticanis, P. canis, P.endodontalis, Bacteroides denticanis</i>.
According to JVD Spring 2008, Evaluation of Cross-Protection by Immunization with an
Experimental Trivalent Companion Animal Periodontitis Vaccine in the Mouse Periodontitis Model,
Which bacteria were included in the trivalent vaccine?
P. denticanis, P. gulae. P. salivosa
According to JVD Spring 2008, Evaluation of Cross-Protection by Immunization with an
Experimental Trivalent Companion Animal Periodontitis Vaccine in the Mouse Periodontitis Model,
What were the main effects of the trivalent vaccine on bone loss?
Statistically significant decreases including providing cross protection to bacteria strains and species not in the vaccine (such as Bacteroides denticanis)
According to JVD Spring 2008, Evaluation of Cross-Protection by Immunization with an
Experimental Trivalent Companion Animal Periodontitis Vaccine in the Mouse Periodontitis Model,
What was the effect on recovery rate for the innoculants?
Significant decrease in the number of mice from whom the pathogen could be recovered.
According to JVD Spring 2008, Dental Bulge Restoration and Gingival Collar Expansion After
Endodontic Treatment of a Complicated Maxillary Fourth Premolar Crown-Root Fracture in a Dog,
What criteria should be absolute indication for extraction?
Vertical fractures through the root, and crown root fractures extending >50% of root length.
According to JVD Spring 2008, Dental Bulge Restoration and Gingival Collar Expansion After
Endodontic Treatment of a Complicated Maxillary Fourth Premolar Crown-Root Fracture in a Dog,
This image shows the concept of biologic width. Describe biologic width.
Space requirement for gingival attached tissues coronal to crest of alveolar bone. Needs approx. 1mm for attachment of gingival CT fibres, 1mm for attachment of junctional epithelium. Therefore, need 2mm between crest of alveolar bone and base of the sulcus.
According to JVD Spring 2008, Dental Bulge Restoration and Gingival Collar Expansion After
Endodontic Treatment of a Complicated Maxillary Fourth Premolar Crown-Root Fracture in a Dog,
What is the dental bulge and what is it’s function?
Part of the gingival third of the crown that protrudes outward in a buccal direction. It is composed mainly of dentin and covered by a thin layer of enamel which ends at the cementoenamel junction. This convex overhang may function in deflection of food and debris away from the tooth crown and the gingival tissues.
According to JVD Spring 2008, Dental Bulge Restoration and Gingival Collar Expansion After
Endodontic Treatment of a Complicated Maxillary Fourth Premolar Crown-Root Fracture in a Dog,
What options are available to increase retention of restorations over and above the dependence on dentin bonding?
Pins, potholes or channels and undercuts
According to JVD Spring 2008, Dental Bulge Restoration and Gingival Collar Expansion After
Endodontic Treatment of a Complicated Maxillary Fourth Premolar Crown-Root Fracture in a Dog,
What principles are imperative for cervical restorations?
- Gingiva attaches to enamel, cementum and dentin, but not to restorative materials.
- 2mm biologic width must be maintained between the alveolar margin and the restoration to accommodate for gingival attachment.
According to JVD Spring 2008, Dental Bulge Restoration and Gingival Collar Expansion After
Endodontic Treatment of a Complicated Maxillary Fourth Premolar Crown-Root Fracture in a Dog,
What are options for crown lengthening for crown root defects?
Orthodontic extrusion, gingivectomy or gingivoplasty, apically repositioned flaps
According to JVD Spring 2008, Dental Bulge Restoration and Gingival Collar Expansion After
Endodontic Treatment of a Complicated Maxillary Fourth Premolar Crown-Root Fracture in a Dog,
Though not used in this case report, what root conditioners have been previously advocated for, and with what reasoning?
Citric acid, tetracycline, EDTA, fibronectin
Supposedly improve attachment of gingival CT fibres – has not been shown to be superior over root planing only
According to JVD Spring 2008, Dental Bulge Restoration and Gingival Collar Expansion After
Endodontic Treatment of a Complicated Maxillary Fourth Premolar Crown-Root Fracture in a Dog,
Why might a periodontal dressing not be used in canine patients?
Unknown how well it would be retained in a dog that does not understand the purpose or value of an advance periodontal procedure
Endodontic Treatment of a Complicated Maxillary Fourth Premolar Crown-Root Fracture in a Dog,
Why is case selection important?
Long term success is highly dependent on owner compliance with at home oral care regimen.
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, what was measured to evaluate tooth extrusion?
from the alveolar margin to the CEJ
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, was there a difference in AM-CEJ (alveolar margin to CEJ measurement) in cats with and w/o TR?
Yes: cats with TR had more extrusion than cats without (2.68mm vs 2.22mm)
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, did the cats with TR or cats w/o TR have a greater percentage of maxillary canine tooth extrusion?
With TR: 15/24 (63%) vs w/o 9/29 (31%)
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, was cementum thicker in extruded or non-extruded teeth?
Cementum thicker in extruded teeth
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, did extruded or non-extruded teeth show histologic evidence of resorption (not just TR, surface and replacement as well)?
Both! But extruded teeth showed MORE resorption. 100% of extruded canine teeth (4) had histo evidence of resorption; 1/5 of non-extruded canines had extrusion (20%)
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, what are some terms for extrusion of teeth?
idiopathic extrusion, supra eruption, supereruption, pathologic migration
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, what is an accepted causes of extrusion?
periodontal disease (chronic inflammation/infection). Problem is not all teeth w extrusion have PD dz
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, in this study what did they look at?
2 populations of maxillary canine teeth: those with clinical and radiographic TR and those wo. They measured distance from alveolar margin to CEJ. Histo performed to evaluate extrusion.
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, what were the specimens evaluated for histologically?
cementum and PDL thickness, surface/inflammatory/replacement resorption, dentoalveolar ankylosis
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, what percent of cats had extrusion of at least one maxillary canine tooth? what percent of cats had evidence of TR (radiographically, clinically) in at least one canine, premolar or molar tooth?
45% (24/53) cats had extrusion of maxillary canine; 45% (24/53) cats had evidence of TR
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, was there age correlation to TR and tooth extrusion?
Yes older cats had more TR; older cats had more tooth extrusion
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, did extruded teeth have thicker cementum histologically?
YES! extruded maxillary canine teeth had thicker cementum cervically, mid-root and apically than non-extruded teeth
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, was the PDL space narrower in extruded teeth?
YES! in cervical and apical root regions. most significantly in the apical regions compared to non-extruded teeth
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, what percent of teeth evaluated histologically showed evidence of surface or replacement resorption? was there evidence of inflammatory resorption?
56% ; NO!
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, was there evidence of hypercementosis in extruded teeth? Non-extruded?
YES! All cats with extruded maxillary canines had hypercementosis. None of the non-extruded teeth had hypercementosis. HOWEVER: abnormally thickened cementum could be seen (old age change) in cats w or w/o extrusion
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, what was the benefit to confocal laser scanning microscopy?
avoids tissue demineralization and spares enamel defects. Makes bigger 200micrometer slices to evaluate whole tooth
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, what percent of canine teeth examined histologically had clinical or radiographic evidence of TR? how many had histologic evidence?
25% (2/8); 56% (5/9)
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, what does biologic width refer to?
2mm: 1mm for junctional epithelium attachment and 1mm for gingival connective tissue attachment. Correlates distance from alveolar margin to bottom of sulcus to allow for proper gingival attachment.
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, in cats what should be the distance from the alveolar margin to CEJ?
Within 1mm. This is NOT the biologic width!
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, what was the most prominent histologic finding in extruded maxillary canine teeth? what can this process result in?
hypercementosis; dentoalveolar ankylosis, replacement resorption
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, what are 2 theories for alveolar bone expansion playing a role in tooth extrusion?
1) formation of new apical AB can result in decrease depth of alveolus and increase in clinical crown. 2) formation of new bone at alveolar margin results in stretching of supra-alveolar fiber apparatus and dentogingival complex attempts to maintain biologic width. ABE seen in 46% of cats regardless of TR status (imp to note).
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, what are some of the theories for TR discussed in this article?
hyperfluorosis (hypercementosis and dentoalveolar ankylosis), hypervitaminosis D (canned fish diets). Overall may be multifactorial and hypercementosis, ABE, tooth extrusion, PDL degeneration and TR may all be linked
According to “Gingival Thickness in dogs: association with age, gender and dental arch location” by Kyllar and Witter, was there any correlation with gingival thickness and gender? Age?
NO. YES! young and adult dogs (<2, 2-8y) had thicker gingiva than older dogs (>8y)
According to “Gingival Thickness in dogs: association with age, gender and dental arch location” by Kyllar and Witter, was there a statistical difference of gingival thickness in regards to location?
No; however, gingiva was thicker at canines and carnassial teeth
According to “Gingival Thickness in dogs: association with age, gender and dental arch location” by Kyllar and Witter, where was gingiva the thinnest? Why is this important?
incisors and premolar teeth; these teeth have highest rates of periodontal disease
According to “Gingival Thickness in dogs: association with age, gender and dental arch location” by Kyllar and Witter, what was the thickness range in young and adult dogs?
1.1 to 2.2 (young) 1.1 to 2.1mm (adult)
According to “Gingival Thickness in dogs: association with age, gender and dental arch location” by Kyllar and Witter, was there a statistical difference between maxillary and mandibular gingival thickness?
Nope.
According to “Gingival Thickness in dogs: association with age, gender and dental arch location” by Kyllar and Witter, why does gingiva thin with age? why is this relevant?
thinning of epithelium and diminished keratinization; increased rate of gingival recession w PD dz in older dogs
According to “Abnormal Tooth Eruption in a Cat” by Hoffman, what findings were seen on oral and radiographic exam in this cat (brief summary)?
Left mandibular swelling with draining tract, weakness, lymphadenopathy, fever, unerupted teeth, fusion tooth, abnormal shaped crowns and smaller than normal pulp canals, incisor tooth buds or denticles, persistent primary teeth (all canines)…. lots of weird stuff present in all 4 quadrants.