JVD 2008 deck Flashcards
According to “The Periosteal Releasing Incison” by Mark Smith, what are the layers that must be cut through in making a mucoperiosteal flap?
mucosa, submucosa and periosteal tissues
According to “The Periosteal Releasing Incison” by Mark Smith, what is the periosteum?
CT that covers nonarticulating surfaces of bones
According to “The Periosteal Releasing Incison” by Mark Smith, what is a “compound flap?”
multiple tissue layers with intact periosteum at base of flap
According to “The Periosteal Releasing Incison” by Mark Smith, when extracting a large 104/204 the mucoperiosteal flap must be advanced how much to suture to the hard palate under no tension?
1-1.5cm (the width of the tooth)….
According to “The Periosteal Releasing Incison” by Mark Smith, what is the goal of a periosteal releasing incision?
close flap under no tension
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, who more commonly gets locked jaw syndrome, dogs or cats?
Dogs– 84% of cases in this study
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what is the definition of locked jaw syndrome?
inability to open or close the mouth
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what age group was most commonly affected in dogs?
Adult dogs (81%)
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what was the most common cause of locked jaw syndrome?
TMJ ankylosis secondary to fracture 54% (false TMJ ankylosis)
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what are some causes of locked jaw syndrome?
TMJ ankylosis secondary to fracture/trauma, MMM neoplasia, trigeminal nerve paralysis and CNS lesions, TMJ luxation, TMJ dysplasia, OA, retrobulbar abscess, tetanus, severe ear disease (didn’t mention FB)
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, of the differentials, who has a good prognosis? a poor one?
Good prognosis: MMM, fracture (pending tx of each); CNS lesions and OSA have poor prognosis
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, the TMJ joint capsule is divided into two compartments, describe them.
Dorsal compartment: btwn disc and temporal bone; ventral compartment: btwn disc and mandible
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what are some differences between the TMJ disc in a dog and cat?
Dog: follows curved anatomy of TMJ space w caudal convexity and thickened margins, lateral aspect of joint capsule stabilized by lateral ligament; Cat: thin fibrous malella (????), lateral aspect of joint capsule thickened
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what are the functions of the TMJ?
reduce friction by providing double synvocial film (MAIN); shock absorber, joint stabilizer
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what are the muscles of mastication responsible for opening and closing the jaw?
opening: rostral digastricus (CN VII), mylohyoideus; closing: masseter, temporalis, medial/lateral pterygoids
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, out of 31 dogs and 6 cats, was there a breed or sex predilection?
Not really (technically 65% male dogs, but said not overrepresented), more mixed breed (19%) but again not significant. Cats did have significantly higher (83%) mixed breed, but sample size too small to draw population inference.
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, was there any age association with locked jaw syndrome? was there any association between weight and age?
Dogs: 100% of dogs <1y had fractures, 70% of adult dogs (1y-8y) had other causes of locked jaw syndrome than fracture; No
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, 50% of cats had locked jaw syndrome secondary to what?
Fractures/trauma
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what is the current definition of trismus?
restricted jaw mvmd
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what is the difference between false and true ankylosis?
false: extra capsular lesion that limits mvmt; true: affects intracapsular structures
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, of the 54% of TMJ ankylosis causing locked jaw syndrome, what percent were false ankylosis? Which is more common in vet med true or false ankylosis?
90% false; false is more common in vet med (may be due to under diagnosing and treating)
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, why are cats less prone to false ankylosis caused by zygomatic fractures?
because of their wide curvature of the zygomatic arch
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what percent of TMJ fracture cases were HBC?
100% of cats; 70% of dogs
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what are the most commonly reported tumors of the canine TMJ?
OSA and MLO
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what was the mean age of MMM dogs in this study?
6y compared to previous reports of 3y
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what muscle groups does MMM affect?
masseter, temporalis, med/lat pterygoids, rostral digastricus
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, 2M test has what % spec/sens?
100% specific; 85-90% sensitive
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, when would a muscle biopsy be preferred?
patient on corticosteroids at time of 2M testing, polymyositis, severe muscle atrophy/fibrosis (too much loss of myofibers); side note (not mentioned): m. bx will also tell you degree of fibrosis and give prognosis
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what are some clinical signs of trigeminal n. paralysis?
loss of facial sensation, MM atrophy, lack of palpebral and corneal reflex +/- corneal ulcer; lesion can be unilateral and cause bilateral tonus and trismus
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what is the preferred tx method for TMJ ankylosis?
surgical intervention (condylectomy, +/- zygomectomy, +/- partial mandibulectomy, excisional arthroplasty)
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what percent of fracture cases had long-term TMJ ankylosis when treated with conservative management?
50%; no ankylosis reported in 2 cases that underwent surgery
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, in MMM what is recommended treatment?
prednisone at 2mg/kg BID in acute phase; can add azothioprine at 2mg/kg q24-48h in conjunction or to wean prednisone; working jaw at home
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what percent of MMM cases regained normal ROM of TMJ?
71%; 2 cases still had clinical signs
According to “Locked Jaw Syndrome in dogs and cat: 37 cases (1998-2005)” by Gatineau, Maretta, Moreau, et al, what were the 2 most common causes of locked jaw syndrome? Did they have the best prognosis? Who had the worst?
Fracture and MMM; those had the best prognosis; OSA/neoplasia and CNS lesions had worst prognosis
According to “Effect of a Mucoadhesive Gel and Dental Scaling on Gingivitis in Dogs” by Bonello and Squarzoni, how were the two populations of dogs treated differently?
Both received PMGI (papillary-marginal gingivitis index) and GI (under GA) at day 0 with dental prophylaxis. Tx group received Resmotyl aka mucoadhesive gel aliamide (adelmidrol) 3x/day at home. Recheck PMGI at 15, 30, 45d and GI at 45d with another dental cleaning. Control group=no gel
According to “Effect of a Mucoadhesive Gel and Dental Scaling on Gingivitis in Dogs” by Bonello and Squarzoni, what was the concept behind the use of aliamide (adelmidrol)?
aliamides (synthetic analogues of endogenous fatty acid amides) inhibit local inflammation and pain via ALIA (autacoid local injury antagonism) via down-modulation of mast cell hyperactivity (inhibits mast cell degranulation). Mast cells release cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins, neuropeptides, and other inflammatory mediators involved in the inflammatory response of gingivitis (stage 1 or periodontal dz).
According to “Effect of a Mucoadhesive Gel and Dental Scaling on Gingivitis in Dogs” by Bonello and Squarzoni, did the control group exhibit a decrease in GI during the study? Was it significant?
Yes; no
According to “Effect of a Mucoadhesive Gel and Dental Scaling on Gingivitis in Dogs” by Bonello and Squarzoni, did dental prophylaxis alone decrease PMGI?
Yes but only during the first 15 days.
According to “Effect of a Mucoadhesive Gel and Dental Scaling on Gingivitis in Dogs” by Bonello and Squarzoni, was there a statistically different decrease in PMGI with the addition of mucoadhesive gel?
Yes. Albeit small…..
According to JVD Spring 2008, Extraction of Teeth in the Mandibular Quadrant of the Cat:
What are some indications for quadrant extractions in the cat?
Stomatitis, TR, PD Dz
According to JVD Spring 2008, Extraction of Teeth in the Mandibular Quadrant of the Cat:
How much buccal alveolar bone should be removed?
1/3-2/3 of the distance to the apex
According to JVD Spring 2008, Extraction of Teeth in the Mandibular Quadrant of the Cat:
Describe the steps involved in a quadrant extraction?
Intrasulcular and interdental incision, mesial and distal releasing incisions, periosteal elevator to lift MG flap, alveolectomy 1/3-2/3 of buccal bone, sectioning into single rooted crown root segments, periodontal elevation, extraction, alveoplasty, periosteal release, trim mucosal edges, closure
According to JVD Spring 2008, Comparison of Cold GP/Sealer and Resin Bonded Obturation
Techniques in Canine Teeth in Dogs,
What is the most common indication for endodontic therapy in companion animals?
Traumatic Pulp Exposure
According to JVD Spring 2008, Comparison of Cold GP/Sealer and Resin Bonded Obturation
Techniques in Canine Teeth in Dogs,
What are important properties of obturation materials?
Adhesion to root canal wall, Minimal volume change in setting, ability to establish a seal, biocompatibility.
According to JVD Spring 2008, Comparison of Cold GP/Sealer and Resin Bonded Obturation
Techniques in Canine Teeth in Dogs,
What percentage of GP obturated teeth demonstrated some leakage?
Was there a significant difference from resin based obturation?
23%, and NO
According to JVD Spring 2008, Comparison of Cold GP/Sealer and Resin Bonded Obturation
Techniques in Canine Teeth in Dogs,
In specimens showing leakage, How far did dye penetrate from the apical delta into the canal?
<1mm
According to JVD Spring 2008, Comparison of Cold GP/Sealer and Resin Bonded Obturation
Techniques in Canine Teeth in Dogs,
Was there any significant differences detected between obturants?
No
According to JVD Spring 2008, Comparison of Cold GP/Sealer and Resin Bonded Obturation
Techniques in Canine Teeth in Dogs,
What is a potential benefit of resin bonded obturation?
They form a micromechanical bond to the dentinal surface, creating a ‘monoblock’ theoretically solid unit.
According to JVD Spring 2008, Evaluation of Cross-Protection by Immunization with an
Experimental Trivalent Companion Animal Periodontitis Vaccine in the Mouse Periodontitis Model,
What are BPAB’s and name 4 of the most common canine isolated BPAB’s?
Black pigmented anaerobic bacteria, <i>Porphyromonas gulae, P. cansulci, P. salivosa, P. denticanis, P. canis, P.endodontalis, Bacteroides denticanis</i>.
According to JVD Spring 2008, Evaluation of Cross-Protection by Immunization with an
Experimental Trivalent Companion Animal Periodontitis Vaccine in the Mouse Periodontitis Model,
Which bacteria were included in the trivalent vaccine?
P. denticanis, P. gulae. P. salivosa
According to JVD Spring 2008, Evaluation of Cross-Protection by Immunization with an
Experimental Trivalent Companion Animal Periodontitis Vaccine in the Mouse Periodontitis Model,
What were the main effects of the trivalent vaccine on bone loss?
Statistically significant decreases including providing cross protection to bacteria strains and species not in the vaccine (such as Bacteroides denticanis)
According to JVD Spring 2008, Evaluation of Cross-Protection by Immunization with an
Experimental Trivalent Companion Animal Periodontitis Vaccine in the Mouse Periodontitis Model,
What was the effect on recovery rate for the innoculants?
Significant decrease in the number of mice from whom the pathogen could be recovered.
According to JVD Spring 2008, Dental Bulge Restoration and Gingival Collar Expansion After
Endodontic Treatment of a Complicated Maxillary Fourth Premolar Crown-Root Fracture in a Dog,
What criteria should be absolute indication for extraction?
Vertical fractures through the root, and crown root fractures extending >50% of root length.
According to JVD Spring 2008, Dental Bulge Restoration and Gingival Collar Expansion After
Endodontic Treatment of a Complicated Maxillary Fourth Premolar Crown-Root Fracture in a Dog,
This image shows the concept of biologic width. Describe biologic width.
Space requirement for gingival attached tissues coronal to crest of alveolar bone. Needs approx. 1mm for attachment of gingival CT fibres, 1mm for attachment of junctional epithelium. Therefore, need 2mm between crest of alveolar bone and base of the sulcus.
According to JVD Spring 2008, Dental Bulge Restoration and Gingival Collar Expansion After
Endodontic Treatment of a Complicated Maxillary Fourth Premolar Crown-Root Fracture in a Dog,
What is the dental bulge and what is it’s function?
Part of the gingival third of the crown that protrudes outward in a buccal direction. It is composed mainly of dentin and covered by a thin layer of enamel which ends at the cementoenamel junction. This convex overhang may function in deflection of food and debris away from the tooth crown and the gingival tissues.
According to JVD Spring 2008, Dental Bulge Restoration and Gingival Collar Expansion After
Endodontic Treatment of a Complicated Maxillary Fourth Premolar Crown-Root Fracture in a Dog,
What options are available to increase retention of restorations over and above the dependence on dentin bonding?
Pins, potholes or channels and undercuts
According to JVD Spring 2008, Dental Bulge Restoration and Gingival Collar Expansion After
Endodontic Treatment of a Complicated Maxillary Fourth Premolar Crown-Root Fracture in a Dog,
What principles are imperative for cervical restorations?
- Gingiva attaches to enamel, cementum and dentin, but not to restorative materials.
- 2mm biologic width must be maintained between the alveolar margin and the restoration to accommodate for gingival attachment.
According to JVD Spring 2008, Dental Bulge Restoration and Gingival Collar Expansion After
Endodontic Treatment of a Complicated Maxillary Fourth Premolar Crown-Root Fracture in a Dog,
What are options for crown lengthening for crown root defects?
Orthodontic extrusion, gingivectomy or gingivoplasty, apically repositioned flaps
According to JVD Spring 2008, Dental Bulge Restoration and Gingival Collar Expansion After
Endodontic Treatment of a Complicated Maxillary Fourth Premolar Crown-Root Fracture in a Dog,
Though not used in this case report, what root conditioners have been previously advocated for, and with what reasoning?
Citric acid, tetracycline, EDTA, fibronectin
Supposedly improve attachment of gingival CT fibres – has not been shown to be superior over root planing only
According to JVD Spring 2008, Dental Bulge Restoration and Gingival Collar Expansion After
Endodontic Treatment of a Complicated Maxillary Fourth Premolar Crown-Root Fracture in a Dog,
Why might a periodontal dressing not be used in canine patients?
Unknown how well it would be retained in a dog that does not understand the purpose or value of an advance periodontal procedure
Endodontic Treatment of a Complicated Maxillary Fourth Premolar Crown-Root Fracture in a Dog,
Why is case selection important?
Long term success is highly dependent on owner compliance with at home oral care regimen.
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, what was measured to evaluate tooth extrusion?
from the alveolar margin to the CEJ
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, was there a difference in AM-CEJ (alveolar margin to CEJ measurement) in cats with and w/o TR?
Yes: cats with TR had more extrusion than cats without (2.68mm vs 2.22mm)
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, did the cats with TR or cats w/o TR have a greater percentage of maxillary canine tooth extrusion?
With TR: 15/24 (63%) vs w/o 9/29 (31%)
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, was cementum thicker in extruded or non-extruded teeth?
Cementum thicker in extruded teeth
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, did extruded or non-extruded teeth show histologic evidence of resorption (not just TR, surface and replacement as well)?
Both! But extruded teeth showed MORE resorption. 100% of extruded canine teeth (4) had histo evidence of resorption; 1/5 of non-extruded canines had extrusion (20%)
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, what are some terms for extrusion of teeth?
idiopathic extrusion, supra eruption, supereruption, pathologic migration
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, what is an accepted causes of extrusion?
periodontal disease (chronic inflammation/infection). Problem is not all teeth w extrusion have PD dz
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, in this study what did they look at?
2 populations of maxillary canine teeth: those with clinical and radiographic TR and those wo. They measured distance from alveolar margin to CEJ. Histo performed to evaluate extrusion.
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, what were the specimens evaluated for histologically?
cementum and PDL thickness, surface/inflammatory/replacement resorption, dentoalveolar ankylosis
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, what percent of cats had extrusion of at least one maxillary canine tooth? what percent of cats had evidence of TR (radiographically, clinically) in at least one canine, premolar or molar tooth?
45% (24/53) cats had extrusion of maxillary canine; 45% (24/53) cats had evidence of TR
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, was there age correlation to TR and tooth extrusion?
Yes older cats had more TR; older cats had more tooth extrusion
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, did extruded teeth have thicker cementum histologically?
YES! extruded maxillary canine teeth had thicker cementum cervically, mid-root and apically than non-extruded teeth
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, was the PDL space narrower in extruded teeth?
YES! in cervical and apical root regions. most significantly in the apical regions compared to non-extruded teeth
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, what percent of teeth evaluated histologically showed evidence of surface or replacement resorption? was there evidence of inflammatory resorption?
56% ; NO!
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, was there evidence of hypercementosis in extruded teeth? Non-extruded?
YES! All cats with extruded maxillary canines had hypercementosis. None of the non-extruded teeth had hypercementosis. HOWEVER: abnormally thickened cementum could be seen (old age change) in cats w or w/o extrusion
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, what was the benefit to confocal laser scanning microscopy?
avoids tissue demineralization and spares enamel defects. Makes bigger 200micrometer slices to evaluate whole tooth
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, what percent of canine teeth examined histologically had clinical or radiographic evidence of TR? how many had histologic evidence?
25% (2/8); 56% (5/9)
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, what does biologic width refer to?
2mm: 1mm for junctional epithelium attachment and 1mm for gingival connective tissue attachment. Correlates distance from alveolar margin to bottom of sulcus to allow for proper gingival attachment.
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, in cats what should be the distance from the alveolar margin to CEJ?
Within 1mm. This is NOT the biologic width!
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, what was the most prominent histologic finding in extruded maxillary canine teeth? what can this process result in?
hypercementosis; dentoalveolar ankylosis, replacement resorption
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, what are 2 theories for alveolar bone expansion playing a role in tooth extrusion?
1) formation of new apical AB can result in decrease depth of alveolus and increase in clinical crown. 2) formation of new bone at alveolar margin results in stretching of supra-alveolar fiber apparatus and dentogingival complex attempts to maintain biologic width. ABE seen in 46% of cats regardless of TR status (imp to note).
According to “Significant Association btwn tooth Extrusion and tooth resorption in domestic cats” by Lewis, Reiter et al, what are some of the theories for TR discussed in this article?
hyperfluorosis (hypercementosis and dentoalveolar ankylosis), hypervitaminosis D (canned fish diets). Overall may be multifactorial and hypercementosis, ABE, tooth extrusion, PDL degeneration and TR may all be linked
According to “Gingival Thickness in dogs: association with age, gender and dental arch location” by Kyllar and Witter, was there any correlation with gingival thickness and gender? Age?
NO. YES! young and adult dogs (<2, 2-8y) had thicker gingiva than older dogs (>8y)
According to “Gingival Thickness in dogs: association with age, gender and dental arch location” by Kyllar and Witter, was there a statistical difference of gingival thickness in regards to location?
No; however, gingiva was thicker at canines and carnassial teeth
According to “Gingival Thickness in dogs: association with age, gender and dental arch location” by Kyllar and Witter, where was gingiva the thinnest? Why is this important?
incisors and premolar teeth; these teeth have highest rates of periodontal disease
According to “Gingival Thickness in dogs: association with age, gender and dental arch location” by Kyllar and Witter, what was the thickness range in young and adult dogs?
1.1 to 2.2 (young) 1.1 to 2.1mm (adult)
According to “Gingival Thickness in dogs: association with age, gender and dental arch location” by Kyllar and Witter, was there a statistical difference between maxillary and mandibular gingival thickness?
Nope.
According to “Gingival Thickness in dogs: association with age, gender and dental arch location” by Kyllar and Witter, why does gingiva thin with age? why is this relevant?
thinning of epithelium and diminished keratinization; increased rate of gingival recession w PD dz in older dogs
According to “Abnormal Tooth Eruption in a Cat” by Hoffman, what findings were seen on oral and radiographic exam in this cat (brief summary)?
Left mandibular swelling with draining tract, weakness, lymphadenopathy, fever, unerupted teeth, fusion tooth, abnormal shaped crowns and smaller than normal pulp canals, incisor tooth buds or denticles, persistent primary teeth (all canines)…. lots of weird stuff present in all 4 quadrants.
According to “Abnormal Tooth Eruption in a Cat” by Hoffman, what are some differentials listed for left mandibular swelling in a young cat? For delayed eruption or malformed teeth?
swelling: dentigerous cyst, ameloblastoma, odontoma (not listed but SHOULD BE, FIOT); delayed eruption: odontodysplasia, odontohypoplasia (not listed but SHOULD BE, dentinal dysplasia, dentinogenesis imperfecta)
According to “Abnormal Tooth Eruption in a Cat” by Hoffman, what is regional odontodysplasia?
rare developmental abnormality of tooth formation that affects enamel and dentin formation of primary and/or permanent dentition. Enamel and dentin are hypoplastic with “ghost teeth” on rads with large pulps. can be seen with absence of tooth development, failure of eruption, discolored teeth, swelling/abscess
According to “Abnormal Tooth Eruption in a Cat” by Hoffman, describe dentinal dysplasia type I and II.
Type I: crowns are normal color and shape, pulps are minimal and roots are short, common to see periapical lucencies (chronic abscesses, cysts, granulomas). Type II: primary dentition is opalescent, permanent is normal, large coronal pulp, no apical lucency.
According to “Secondary Cleft Palate Repair” by Taney, what is the cause of secondary cleft palate?
Failure of the palatal plates of the maxillary processes to fuse with the nasal septum. Can affect hard and/or soft palate
According to “Secondary Cleft Palate Repair” by Taney, what clinical signs are exhibited by these puppies? What is important to tell owners?
failure to thrive, nasal discharge, regurgitation, problems nursing. Owners need to know this is likely congenital and they should not breed, best to wait until they are at least 4-6mo of age for surgical repair, surgery may take multiple attempts to completely repair, feeding tube placement may be helpful to prevent aspiration pneumonia and promote healing of surgery site.
According to “Secondary Cleft Palate Repair” by Taney, what is the minimum age surgery can be performed? what are we waiting for?
8-12 weeks; growth of oral structures (including jaws)
According to “Secondary Cleft Palate Repair” by Taney, what are the hallmarks of surgical repair to avoid dehiscence (most common complication)?
maintain good blood supply (yea greater palatine a) and provide tension free flap closure (also bury those knots!)
According to “Secondary Cleft Palate Repair” by Taney, how far away from the teeth palatally should the vertical releasing incision be made? What structure are you trying to preserve?
3mm from teeth (really just leave the sulcus intact), greater palatine a. Mesial horizontal release will require ligation of greater palatine where it anastomoses with infraorbital in palatine fissures
According to “Secondary Cleft Palate Repair” by Taney, debridement of the epithelial edges prior to apposition can be performed with what? how many mm are removed?
15 blade or diamond bur to provide less hemorrhage; remove 2mm!
According to “Secondary Cleft Palate Repair” by Taney, why is 2 layer closure important?
Not just to help reduce tension and risk of dehiscence, but also to suture nasal mucosa separate from oral mucosa. Can separate with a scalpel blade.
According to “Secondary Cleft Palate Repair” by Taney, this technique is a rotational flap. what two layers makeup the deep layer? the superficial layer?
deep layer: donor oral epithelium ro deep nasal mucosa of recipient; superficial layer: deep mucoperosteal flap layer to oral mucosa of recipient with SI knots buried.
According to JVD Summer 2008 Oral Cavity Evaluation and Dental Chart Registration of Coati
(Nasua nasua) in Captivity
What type of diet to Coati’s eat. How does this affect their dentition, esp the maxillary fourth premolar?
~They are omnivores, upper PM4 is flattened, molariform, used for grinding (bunodont)
According to JVD Summer 2008 Oral Cavity Evaluation and Dental Chart Registration of Coati
(Nasua nasua) in Captivity
What were the most prevalent anomalies?
~Periodontal disease (listed as gingivitis, plaque, mobility, bleeding on probing, calculus etc)
~Tooth fracture
According to JVD Summer 2008 Oral Cavity Evaluation and Dental Chart Registration of Coati
(Nasua nasua) in Captivity
Describe the dental formula and they type of teeth do Coati have?
I3/3, C1/1, P3-4/3-4,M2/2. Anelodont, heterodont, brachyodont, bunodont PM4 and molars
According to JVD summer 2008, Periodontal Disease Burden and Pathological Changes in
Organs of Dogs,
Match the following stains with their target:
A) Von Kossa elastic fibers
B) Goldner connective tissue,
C) toluidin blue calcium,
D) Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) mast cells,
E) Verhoeff acid mucopolysaccharides
Von Kossa calcium,
Goldner connective tissue,
toluidin blue mast cells,
Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) acid mucopolysaccharides
Verhoeff elastic fibers
According to JVD summer 2008, Periodontal Disease Burden and Pathological Changes in
Organs of Dogs,
~What proportion of dogs demonstrated changes in AV valves? What corellations were shown?
84% had AV changes overall, 45% had severe left AV changes, which correlated with periodontal burden in cm2
According to JVD summer 2008, Periodontal Disease Burden and Pathological Changes in
Organs of Dogs,
~What significant corellations were found related to with periodontal burden in cm2 ?
Corellation to left AV changes, greater kindney changes and greater liver changes
According to JVD summer 2008, Periodontal Disease Burden and Pathological Changes in
Organs of Dogs,
What were the main kidney changes observed?
~ tubular degeneration with cystic and/or inflammatory changes
According to JVD summer 2008, Periodontal Disease Burden and Pathological Changes in
Organs of Dogs,
What were the main hepatic pathologies observed?
~Most frequently moderate focal or diffuse inflammation, with or without mild focal or multifocal
Fibrosis
According to JVD summer 2008, Anesthesia Monitoring in the Dental and Oral Surgery Patient,
What is the most common complication encountered?
~hypotension
According to JVD summer 2008, Anesthesia Monitoring in the Dental and Oral Surgery Patient,
What would be indicated by absence of jaw tone?
A) Anesthesia is just right
B) Anesthesia is too deep
C) A paralytic agent has been used
D) The patient has had regional anesthesia
B) Anesthesia is too deep
According to JVD summer 2008, Anesthesia Monitoring in the Dental and Oral Surgery Patient,
What drives respiration?
Carbon dioxide levels in the medulla oblongata
According to JVD summer 2008, Anesthesia Monitoring in the Dental and Oral Surgery Patient,
What are some common reasons for SpO2 monitors to be inaccurate?
~Hypovolemia, vasoconstriction, motion, pigment, placement, anemia
According to JVD summer 2008, Anesthesia Monitoring in the Dental and Oral Surgery Patient,
What is am appropriate etCO2 for anesthetized patients?
35-45 mmhg
According to JVD summer 2008, Anesthesia Monitoring in the Dental and Oral Surgery Patient,
What point corresponds to the etCO2?
What is the patient doing during CD?
What is the patient doing between DE?
What is the patient doing between BC?
~ D
~ CD = Expiratory plateau (time between exhale and inhale)
~ DE = Inhalation
~ BC = Exhalation
According to JVD summer 2008, Anesthesia Monitoring in the Dental and Oral Surgery Patient,
What would a capnograph like this indicate?
~ increasing etCO¬2 , hypoventilation.
According to JVD summer 2008, Anesthesia Monitoring in the Dental and Oral Surgery Patient,
What is the most accurate non-invasive means of measuring blood pressure in <5kg patients?
~Doppler
According to JVD summer 2008, Anesthesia Monitoring in the Dental and Oral Surgery Patient,
During what situations are oscillometric readings unreliable?
Hypotension, hypertension, tachycardia, bradycardia.
According to JVD summer 2008, Anesthesia Monitoring in the Dental and Oral Surgery Patient,
What steps should be taken for a hypotensive patient?
~ decrease inhalant
~ fluid bolus 10 mL/kg over 10-15 mins
~ fentanyl CRI to help decrease MAC
~ dopamine CRI to help increase blood pressure
According “Feline tooth resorption in a colony of 109 cats” by Girard, Hennet et al, how is Type 1 vs Type 2 TR characterized?
Type 1 TR involves normal PDL space and radio density of adjacent affected tooth. Type 2 TR involves absence of PDL space and extensive root replacement by alveolar bone.
According “Feline tooth resorption in a colony of 109 cats” by Girard, describe the study population.
Mixed breed cats/DSH’s (40) split into 2 groups 24 (MB1) <3y and 16 (MB2) >10y; purebred cats (69). Fed controlled low Vit D dry food diet for 2 months. No history of dental tx apart from dental cleaning. Charted/rads at beginning of 2 months and again at end.
According “Feline tooth resorption in a colony of 109 cats” by Girard, Hennet et al, what is the prevalence of TR in MB cats clinically and/or radiographically? Only radiographically?
37.5% had clinical and/or radiographic evidence of TR; 55% were only detectable radiographically
According “Feline tooth resorption in a colony of 109 cats” by Girard, Hennet et al, what was the prevalence of TR in the MB2 (older cats)?
69% had clinical and/or radiographic evidence of TR; the MB1 (younger group) only had 17% prevalence
According “Feline tooth resorption in a colony of 109 cats” by Girard, Hennet et al, what was the prevalence of TR in the purebred population of cats?
69.6% had clinical and/or radiographic evidence of TR
According “Feline tooth resorption in a colony of 109 cats” by Girard, Hennet et al, in the MB population what were the most commonly affected teeth? was this the same in PB populations?
maxillary second, third, and fourth premolar; mandibular third and first molar teeth. Yes…. except incisors were also largely affected
According “Feline tooth resorption in a colony of 109 cats” by Girard, Hennet et al, which teeth had a lower prevalence for localized TR?
maxillary canine, first molar and mandibular fourth premolar teeth
According “Feline tooth resorption in a colony of 109 cats” by Girard, Hennet et al, what was the overall prevalence of Type 1 and 2 TR in both populations? was there statistical significance between TR type 1 alone, type 2 alone, or both?
TR 1 60%, TR 2 40%; yes btwn MB1, MB2 and PB
According “Feline tooth resorption in a colony of 109 cats” by Girard, Hennet et al, where were TR type 1 lesions more prevalent? TR type 2?
type 1 mandibular first molar in PB and MB populations; Type 2 mandibular their premolar teeth in MB population and all incisor teeth in PB population
According “Feline tooth resorption in a colony of 109 cats” by Girard, Hennet et al, was there an increase in TR with age? sex?
with age in MB population not in PB; no effect of sex on TR in MB population, but female had higher prevalence (43% females 32% males) in PB population
According “Feline tooth resorption in a colony of 109 cats” by Girard, Hennet et al, overall where did the mapping analysis reveal prevalence of TR type 1 located? Type 2?
Type 1: at CBH; type 2: apical to CBH, apical to CBE, and mesial with respect to MDP axis
According “Feline tooth resorption in a colony of 109 cats” by Girard, Hennet et al, what are some theories for TR discussed in this article?
feline dentin mineralization deficiency (debunked in article), acidity of coating of dry extruded diets (debunked), hypervitaminosis D (disproved/proved in diff articles), occlusal forces and plaque induced inflammation
According to “Morphology of the Occlusal Surfaces of Premolar and Molar teeth as an indicator of age in the horse” by Carmalt and Allen, what is the gold standard for aging horses?
Incisor teeth
According to “Morphology of the Occlusal Surfaces of Premolar and Molar teeth as an indicator of age in the horse” by Carmalt and Allen, what was measured?
20 horse heads maxilla and mandibular cheek teeth: total surface area of each premolar/molar, outer enamel ridge perimeter distance, infundibular surface areas and perimeter distances
According to “Morphology of the Occlusal Surfaces of Premolar and Molar teeth as an indicator of age in the horse” by Carmalt and Allen, was there a difference between maxilla and mandible?
Yes; likely due to absence of infundibulum on mandible
According to “Morphology of the Occlusal Surfaces of Premolar and Molar teeth as an indicator of age in the horse” by Carmalt and Allen, what was another significant factor that could have altered the data?
horse size (cold bloods and quarter horses)
According to “Morphology of the Occlusal Surfaces of Premolar and Molar teeth as an indicator of age in the horse” by Carmalt and Allen, why were the ‘11’s excluded in certain horses?
too young; not erupted <4y
According to “Morphology of the Occlusal Surfaces of Premolar and Molar teeth as an indicator of age in the horse” by Carmalt and Allen, was the maxillary or mandibular arcade better at estimating age? why?
maxillary molars; maxillary arcade typically erupts first so may have more sufficient length of time to the affects of aging
According to “Overview of embryological development of the canine oral cavity” by Eubanks, what happens on day 21 of development? day 23?
Day 21: pharyngeal arches I and II; day 23: give rise to paired maxillary and mandibular processes
According to “Overview of embryological development of the canine oral cavity” by Eubanks, what happens to the maxillary processes? mandibular processes?
maxillary processes join to form most of maxillary, incisive and palatine bones (roof of mouth); mandibular processes merge at midline and form the symphysis
According to “Overview of embryological development of the canine oral cavity” by Eubanks, what is the embryonic origin of the tongue and vestibule?
vestibule from ectoderm, caudal 1/3 of tongue endodermal, rostral portion ectoderm, skeletal m mesoderm
According to “Overview of embryological development of the canine oral cavity” by Eubanks, what happens on day 25 of development?
precursor dental structures emerge from embryonic oral stratified squamous epithelium which thickens to form dental lamina
According to “Overview of embryological development of the canine oral cavity” by Eubanks, how are the enamel organ and dental papilla formed?
invagination in dental lamina form enamel organ which partially surrounds mesenchymal condensation called dental papilla
According to “Overview of embryological development of the canine oral cavity” by Eubanks, what layer gives rise to the oral epithelium, dental lamina, and enamel organ?
outer embryonic germ layer (ectoderm)
According to “Overview of embryological development of the canine oral cavity” by Eubanks, what do the dental papilla and sac originate from?
mesoderm
According to “Overview of embryological development of the canine oral cavity” by Eubanks, what happens during the bud stage?
budding from dental lamina and occurs in areas corresponding to deciduous dentition; late in bud stage dental papilla and sac develop
According to “Overview of embryological development of the canine oral cavity” by Eubanks, what happens in cap stage?
enamel organ consists of 3 layers: OEE (outer portion of cap), IEE (lining concavity), stellate reticulum within cap
According to “Overview of embryological development of the canine oral cavity” by Eubanks, what structures form from the dental papilla? dental sac?
papilla: pulp and dentin; sac: cementum, PDL, some alveolar bone
According to “Overview of embryological development of the canine oral cavity” by Eubanks, what happens during the bell stage?
fourth layer forms: stratum intermedium btwn IEE and stellate reticulum, enamel matrix is laid down
According to “Overview of embryological development of the canine oral cavity” by Eubanks, if a deciduous tooth fails to develop what does this mean for permanent dentition?
there will be no subsequent permanent tooth; successional teeth with no precursor will still develop directly from dental lamina
According to “Overview of embryological development of the canine oral cavity” by Eubanks, what does the enamel organ form?
enamel; IEE cells of enamel organ elongate and differentiate into ameloblasts
According to “Overview of embryological development of the canine oral cavity” by Eubanks, when do hydroxyapatite crystals form?
early in the 8th week of development; crystals grow in size and tightly pack together.
According to “Overview of embryological development of the canine oral cavity” by Eubanks, what happens if hydroxyapatite crystals fail to grow and condense?
If less than 96% apatite crystals get hypo calcification
According to “Overview of embryological development of the canine oral cavity” by Eubanks, what is Nasmyth’s membrane?
when enamel is produced, the enamel organ is compressed and ameloblasts are stimulated to form protective layer known as primary enamel cuticle of Nasmyth’s membrane– protective layer for erupting tooth and remains in place for weeks or months until it wears away
According to “Overview of embryological development of the canine oral cavity” by Eubanks, what happens following cuticle formation?
ameloblasts merge with OEE to form reduced enamel epithelium which is produced on an adhesive-like secretion termed the secondary enamel cuticle which helps hold tooth and gingiva together at bottom of sulcus
According to “Overview of embryological development of the canine oral cavity” by Eubanks, what 2 structures form Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath?
OEE and IEE become root sheath and a portion folds back to form epithelial diaphragm
According to “Overview of embryological development of the canine oral cavity” by Eubanks, what happens when root sheath contact dental papilla?
cells differentiate into dentin-producing odontoblasts and Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath begins to dissolve; dental sac continues to differentiate into cementum-forming cementoblasts and others become odontoblasts
According to “Overview of embryological development of the canine oral cavity” by Eubanks, where do cell rests of Malassez come from?
root sheath cells that fail to dissolve become entrapped in PDL and become cell rests of Malassez; can form cysts later in life if they begin to divide again
According to “Overview of embryological development of the canine oral cavity” by Eubanks, when do deciduous teeth erupt in carnivores? why?
Not until after birth; process of eruption is not wholly understood suspect hormonal and physical factors that affect eruption
According to “Overview of embryological development of the canine oral cavity” by Eubanks, when does enamel production cease? dentin production?
after formation of crown; dentinogenesis continues throughout life
According to “Overview of embryological development of the canine oral cavity” by Eubanks, what is the only tooth that begins calcification prior to birth?
the mandibular first molar
According to “Overview of embryological development of the canine oral cavity” by Eubanks, how do cleft palates form?
failure of right and left maxillary processes forming; cleft lip forms from 2 medial nasal and maxillary processes fail to fill with CT (called migration)
According to JVD Fall 2008, Endodontic Treatment of a Non-Vital Permanent Tooth with an
Open Root Apex Using Mineral Trioxide Aggregate,
What are the challenges with endodontic treatment of immature teeth with an open apex?
challenges.
~The lack of an apical stop makes adequate obturation virtually impossible.
~The thin walls of the root canal are fragile and prone to fracture and
~debridement is usually difficult since the root canal and apical diameter are often larger than the coronal
access diameter
According to JVD Fall 2008, Endodontic Treatment of a Non-Vital Permanent Tooth with an
Open Root Apex Using Mineral Trioxide Aggregate,
How successful and how fast is CaOH in inducing apexigenesis?
~74-100% (Human lit)
~ 5-20 months
According to JVD Fall 2008, Endodontic Treatment of a Non-Vital Permanent Tooth with an
Open Root Apex Using Mineral Trioxide Aggregate,
What are drawbacks to CaOH?
~ May need to change the dressing (reports of every 1, 3, and 6 months)
~ Increased risk of tooth fracture (thin walls, weakened root dentin)
~ Need good client follow-up and follow-through
According to JVD Fall 2008, Endodontic Treatment of a Non-Vital Permanent Tooth with an
Open Root Apex Using Mineral Trioxide Aggregate,
What makes MTA a favourable barrier agent?
~Biocompatible
~Non cytotoxic
~Sets up in presence of blood
~Bactericidal
~Promotes regeneration of Periradicular tissue
According to JVD Fall 2008, Endodontic Treatment of a Non-Vital Permanent Tooth with an
Open Root Apex Using Mineral Trioxide Aggregate,
Why was bleach chosen as an irrigant?
~Many case reports describe using 2.5-5% bleach in teeth with open apicies
~Antibacterial and has good tissue dissolution properties
~Chlorhexidine is less bacteriocidal and does not dissolve tissue
According to JVD Fall 2008, Endodontic Treatment of a Non-Vital Permanent Tooth with an
Open Root Apex Using Mineral Trioxide Aggregate,
What benefit does chlorhexidine or MTAD (Mixture of tetracycline, acid and detergent) have when used as a final irrigant?
~Adsorbs onto or into dentin and has continued action after the liquid has been removed
According to JVD Fall 2008, Correction of Maxillary Canine Tooth Mesioversion in Dogs,
What breeds is this condition seen in?
~Shetland Sheepdogs, Italian greyhounds, miniature schnauzers, fox terriers, cats
According to JVD Fall 2008, Correction of Maxillary Canine Tooth Mesioversion in Dogs,
What complications can result from leaving these teeth untreated?
Perio dt crowding, traumatic occlusion, pulpitis, pulp necrosis
According to JVD Fall 2008, Correction of Maxillary Canine Tooth Mesioversion in Dogs,
When placing anchoring brackets on teeth, where on the crown should they be placed and why?
~Apical 1/3, but not touching gingiva – minimize negative levering forces on these teeth
According to JVD Fall 2008, Correction of Maxillary Canine Tooth Mesioversion in Dogs,
When placing the hook on the canine tooth, where on the crown should it be placed?
~Coronal third of the crown
According to JVD Fall 2008, Correction of Maxillary Canine Tooth Mesioversion in Dogs,
What tension should be used?
~75-80% of the elastic resting length
According to JVD Fall 2008, Correction of Maxillary Canine Tooth Mesioversion in Dogs,
What is an alternate way to form an anchorage unit instead of buttons and brackets?
~use a 24g wire in a figure 8 pattern around the maxillary fourth premolar and first molar, and bond it with flowable composite
According to JVD Fall 2008, Correction of Maxillary Canine Tooth Mesioversion in Dogs,
Why are 2 teeth used together as an anchorage unit?
~to better resist the opposite force generated when tipping the canine tooth
According to JVD Fall 2008, Correction of Maxillary Canine Tooth Mesioversion in Dogs,
What inadvertent orthodontic movement can be encountered?
~May tip the mandibular canine tooth buccally if it contacts the maxillary during movement
According to JVD Fall 2008, Correction of Maxillary Canine Tooth Mesioversion in Dogs,
What benefit does a wire hook used on the canine tooth give over a lingual button?
~Can avoid rotational forces by aligning the hook in the direction of movement
According to JVD Fall 2008, Scoring the Full Extent of Periodontal Disease in the Dog: Development of a Total Mouth Periodontal Score (TMPS) System,
What is the weighting factor for the TMPS -G and -P respectively?
~ G is the circumference at the CEJ, -P is the root surface area.
According to JVD Fall 2008, Scoring the Full Extent of Periodontal Disease in the Dog: Development of a Total Mouth Periodontal Score (TMPS) System,
Why does the TMPS-G not require adjustment?
~It is a categorical score, the same as when we assess bleeding on probing – it is just relatively weighted by the relative size of teeth to one another.
According to JVD Fall 2008, Scoring the Full Extent of Periodontal Disease in the Dog: Development of a Total Mouth Periodontal Score (TMPS) System,
Why is the TMPS-P adjusted?
Allows comparison between different individuals
According to JVD Fall 2008, Scoring the Full Extent of Periodontal Disease in the Dog: Development of a Total Mouth Periodontal Score (TMPS) System,
How are missing teeth treated?
~They are removed from the numerator and denominator
According to JVD Fall 2008, Scoring the Full Extent of Periodontal Disease in the Dog: Development of a Total Mouth Periodontal Score (TMPS) System,
Will the TMPS system over or under represent the disease truly present?
Over score, since we only take the worst location and record it
According to JVD Fall 2008, Scoring the Full Extent of Periodontal Disease in the Dog: Development of a Total Mouth Periodontal Score (TMPS) System,
Why is the pocket depth not recorded?
~Pocket depth is not necessarily same as attachment loss – which is the recorded measure.
According to “Observations on the effects scaling and polishing methods on enamel” by Fichtel, Vla et al, what was the study design?
Teeth buccal 108 and canines, cleaned according to group then extracted: manual with scaler and chisel-shaped scaler or ultrasonic and fine gti pumice polish with soft polishing wheel, semi-soft or hard in contact for 10s. Split into 8 groups: positive and negative controls.
According to “Observations on the effects scaling and polishing methods on enamel” by Fichtel, Vla et al, what is the only possibility for enamel “repair”?
Remineralization; demineralized enamel can remineralize but not regenerate
According to “Observations on the effects scaling and polishing methods on enamel” by Fichtel, Vla et al, what was the most effective method for removing all calculus efficiently and causing the least damage to enamel?
Ultrasonic scaling with soft disc polishing and pumice paste
According to “Observations on the effects scaling and polishing methods on enamel” by Fichtel, Vla et al, was there a difference between hand instrumented and ultrasonic cleaning on enamel?
The hand instrumented actually showed less damage to teeth than ultrasonic; either method would be acceptable
According to “Observations on the effects scaling and polishing methods on enamel” by Fichtel, Vla et al, did the hard polishing disc cause as much damage as the authors expected?
No! there was less damage with hard polishing discs thought to be due to user error (pushing less hard) than with soft polishing discs (pushing too hard
According to “Dental malocclusion in a coarse-haired wombat” by Fagan and Ullrey, what was the dental disease the old wombat presented with?
mandibular incisor malocclusion, developmental abnormality of maxillary incisors (never erupted), severely overgrown premolars/molars and tongue entrapment with soft tissue lacerations/erosions secondary to points
According to “Dental malocclusion in a coarse-haired wombat” by Fagan and Ullrey, multiple treatments trimming mandibular incisors and smoothing points were attempted. What did the authors attribute the severe malocclusion and premolar/molar elongation to?
Contributing factor were maxillary incisor developmental abnormality but mostly the diet which was not fibrous enough or high enough in silicate (as a natural diet would be)
According to “Dental malocclusion in a coarse-haired wombat” by Fagan and Ullrey, there were a lot of bony changes to the skull of the wombat (increased porosity of the bone) and SQ abscesses throughout life. What was the authors take on this?
Likely nutritional (not sure why cancer wasn’t ever on the list for the weird anemia of chronic dz)
According to “Dental malocclusion in a coarse-haired wombat” by Fagan and Ullrey, what type of dentition to wombats have?
incisors, premolars, molars: radicular hyposodont and elodont (continuously growing)
According to “Vestibule deepening procedure for tight lip syndrome in the Chinese shar-pei dog” by Eisner, what happened to the shar-pei?
It started as a lean build in the 70’s and was inbred to the point of no return going from bone-face to meat mouth with tight lips, small otic canals, and Class II malocclusions and linguoverted mandibular canines. Also somehow there was increased hostility.
According to “Vestibule deepening procedure for tight lip syndrome in the Chinese shar-pei dog” by Eisner, what is the point of this step-by-step?
Apart from a world of inappropriate sexual innuendos…. describes how to deepen the vestibule by making an incision in the mucosa (full thickness) and lowering the lip to keep the dog from chewing on its on flesh (removes the meat from the mouth)
According to “Vestibule deepening procedure for tight lip syndrome in the Chinese shar-pei dog” by Eisner, what ethical obligation do we have regarding these meat mouthed shar-peis?
Sterilize!
According to “Case Metal bilateral telescoping inclined plane for malocclusion in a dog” by Bannon and Baker, what are treatment options for linguoverted mandibular canine teeth?
Exodontia, surgical repositioning, crown reduction and vital pulp therapy, orthodontic mvmt by fixed or removable appliances.
According to “Case Metal bilateral telescoping inclined plane for malocclusion in a dog” by Bannon and Baker, what is the process to have a metal telescoping incline plane made?
Full mouth impressions (they used alginate and stone models, or VPS), bite registration, submit to lab with instruction for 60 degree slope
According to “Case Metal bilateral telescoping inclined plane for malocclusion in a dog” by Bannon and Baker, what is the process to place the metal telescoping incline plane?
Pumice polish, acid etch, dentinal bonding material on metal and pushed apically on maxillary canine teeth (first check occlusion, slope, and fit before adhering)
According to “Case Metal bilateral telescoping inclined plane for malocclusion in a dog” by Bannon and Baker, the appliance was only left on for 12 days. Why were the authors able to remove the appliance without a retainer period?
The natural dental interlock of the maxillary and mandibular canines with passive force from the lip will act as a retainer
According to “Case Metal bilateral telescoping inclined plane for malocclusion in a dog” by Bannon and Baker, how did they remove the telescoping incline plane? Complications (not mentioned in article)?
But through metal to expose tooth and peel away metal. Ultrasonic, hand scale, and pumice polish teeth to remove dentinal bonding/metal staining…. In a young dog this looks like you could really fracture the teeth easily! Or cause minor enamel infarctions
According to “Case Metal bilateral telescoping inclined plane for malocclusion in a dog” by Bannon and Baker, what are some common causes of linguoverted mandibular canines?
Retained deciduous teeth with abnormal eruption location, malpositioned tooth buds, trauma to tooth bud or tooth during eruption, Class II mal, base narrow mandible
According to “Case Metal bilateral telescoping inclined plane for malocclusion in a dog” by Bannon and Baker, what are some mentioned sequela to uncorrected malocclusions?
TMJ dysfunction, difficulty masticating, caries formation (ppl?), PD dz, abnormal dental or facial growth/development, soft tissue trauma, ONF, traumatic dental fx, AT, head-shyness, irritable temperament
According to “Case Metal bilateral telescoping inclined plane for malocclusion in a dog” by Bannon and Baker, why do the authors suggest waiting to intervene a little longer if possible in young dogs?
Bc the 2 halves of mandible (and maxilla) do not grow at the same time and may be able to catch up (as seen on one side in this case)
According to “Case Metal bilateral telescoping inclined plane for malocclusion in a dog” by Bannon and Baker, what are mentioned types of fixed orthodontic appliances used for LV canines?
cast metal telescoping inclined planes, acrylic inclined planes, expansion screws, W wire
According to “Case Metal bilateral telescoping inclined plane for malocclusion in a dog” by Bannon and Baker, what are the two theories of orthodontic mvmt?
biologic electricity theory (piezoelectric?), pressure-tension theory
According to “Case Metal bilateral telescoping inclined plane for malocclusion in a dog” by Bannon and Baker, what type of resorption occurs if you apply too much force to the PDL during orthodontic mvmt? What type of resorption should you cause?
undermining resorption after PDL necrosis; frontal resorption should occur
According to “Case Metal bilateral telescoping inclined plane for malocclusion in a dog” by Bannon and Baker, what is tipping?
light force applied to one part of a tooth more than another part to cause angle change within the alveolus causing rotation around the tooth’s “center of resistance” (point halfway down root of tooth)
According to “Case Metal bilateral telescoping inclined plane for malocclusion in a dog” by Bannon and Baker, what type of force do inclined planes provide?
Light guided intermittent tipping force
According to “Case Metal bilateral telescoping inclined plane for malocclusion in a dog” by Bannon and Baker, why did the authors choose a metal telescoping inclined plane over an acrylic one?
Bc its cool…. and bc the occlusion of 104 and 404 required slight distal movement of 104 and tipping of 404 into interdental space btwn 103/104. Acrylic fixed inclined plane would have required too much mesial force of 404 into diastema
According to JVD Winter 2008, In Vitro Effect of Chinese Herb Extracts on Caries-related Bacteria and Glucan,
What are glucans and what are their 2 types?
~Glucans are virulence factors thtat facilitate cell-to-cell adherence and accumulation of plaque
~The two main categories of glucans are the water insoluble glucans, predominantly containing -1,3-linked glucose, and the soluble glucans, rich in -1,6-linked glucose
According to JVD Winter 2008, In Vitro Effect of Chinese Herb Extracts on Caries-related Bacteria and Glucan,
What bacteria were used in their study?
~ Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomycetes viscosus, Lactobacillus acidophilus
According to JVD Winter 2008, In Vitro Effect of Chinese Herb Extracts on Caries-related Bacteria and Glucan,
What was the most effective herbal extract for inhibiting bacterial growth?
~Tannic acid
According to JVD Winter 2008, In Vitro Effect of Chinese Herb Extracts on Caries-related Bacteria and Glucan,
What were the most effective inhibitors of glucan synthesis?
~Eugenol showed 45 % inhibition of insoluble glucan syntheses of Streptococcus sobrinus.
~Eugenol, cnidium, barbaloin, caryophyllin, piperine, and sanchi saponin showed greater than 40 % inhibition of soluble glucan synthesis
According to JVD Winter 2008, Hypothermia and Thermoregulation During Anesthesia for the Dental
and Oral Surgery Patient,
What is primary versus secondary hypothermia?
~ Hypothermia can be classified as primary (normal heat production with exposure to cold) or secondary (induced by anesthetics, systemic disease, and/or surgical injury)
According to JVD Winter 2008, Hypothermia and Thermoregulation During Anesthesia for the Dental
and Oral Surgery Patient,
In what ways is heat lost, and describe how this is applicable to our patients?
~Evaporation - loss of heat when moisture turns to gas (happens in anesthetic circuit), (and surgical prep)
- from soaked head
~Conduction - heat loss from patient to surgery table
~Convection - heat loss to air that is moving over the pt.
~Radiation - heat loss via infrared radiation from patient into the room.
According to JVD Winter 2008, Hypothermia and Thermoregulation During Anesthesia for the Dental
and Oral Surgery Patient,
How does anesthetic affect patients to increase hypothermia?
~Peripheral loss of vasomotor control leads to vasodilation which increases peripheral circulation.
According to JVD Winter 2008, Hypothermia and Thermoregulation During Anesthesia for the Dental
and Oral Surgery Patient,
Why does hypothermia induce bradycardia and what ECG abnormalities are associated?
The bradycardia associated with hypothermia is related to depression of the sinoatrial node and bundle of His. A prolonged PR interval, widening of the QRS complex and lengthening of the ST segment on an electrocardiogram can be recognized with severe hypothermia.
According to JVD Winter 2008, Hypothermia and Thermoregulation During Anesthesia for the Dental
and Oral Surgery Patient,
What is the most accurate measure of core temperature that can be obtained peripherally? What cons are there to this method?
~Rectal
~Lags behind drop in core temp
~Feces can make readings inaccurate.
N.B. study cited did not evaluate esophageal.
According to JVD Winter 2008, Hypothermia and Thermoregulation During Anesthesia for the Dental
and Oral Surgery Patient,
What is the problem with surface warming including circulating water blankets and forced air systems?
~They warm the skin and are effective at preventing heat loss and maintaining temperature, but less so for actively rewarming a cold patient.
According to JVD Winter 2008, Hypothermia and Thermoregulation During Anesthesia for the Dental
and Oral Surgery Patient,
What effect does low gas flow anesthesia have on the patient’s temperature?
Helps to decrease heat loss through convection and evaporation.
According to JVD Winter 2008, Hypothermia and Thermoregulation During Anesthesia for the Dental
and Oral Surgery Patient,
What are complications of active surface rewarming of the hypothermic patient?
~Causes peripheral vasodilation and hypotension
~Causes toxic metabolites to move from periphery to core
~Causes cold blood to move from the core and causes core temperature drop
According to JVD Winter 2008, Hypothermia and Thermoregulation During Anesthesia for the Dental
and Oral Surgery Patient,
Body temperature maintained above what temperature is not associated with long term detrimental effects?
~35.5C or 96 F
According to JVD Winter 2008, Dental Malocclusion in a Coarse-Haired Wombat (Vombatus ursinus),
What kind of teeth do wombats have?
Aradicular hypsodont
According to JVD Winter 2008, Dental Malocclusion in a Coarse-Haired Wombat (Vombatus ursinus),
What does the wombat naturally eat?
Grasses, forbs, leaves, stems of shrubs, fungi, bark, roots and rhizomes
According to JVD Winter 2008, Dental Malocclusion in a Coarse-Haired Wombat (Vombatus ursinus),
What issues did the captive diet have?
Low in ash, silica and fibre, high in moisture compared to natural diet
According to JVD 2008, Treatment for Traumatic Craniofacial Deformation with restriction of the temporomandibular joint,
What were the differentials considered?
~The differential diagnosis list included masticatory myositis, congenital anomaly, growth deformity or disparity, and trauma.
According to JVD 2008, Treatment for Traumatic Craniofacial Deformation with restriction of the temporomandibular joint,
What can be used to help increase the range of motion?
Daily physiotherapy post-op and POPSICLE STICKS?!?
