JVD 2007 deck Flashcards
According to: “Crown restoration of Endodontically Treated Tooth: Lit Review.” Coffman, Visser, Does endodontic treatment change the strength, toughness, or load-to-fracture ratio? Does it make dentin more brittle via desiccation?
No to both! Level of strength an endodontically tx tooth is the same.
According to: “Crown restoration of Endodontically Treated Tooth: Lit Review.” Coffman, Visser,What is one of the leading causes of endodontic failure?
Coronal leakage of restoration
According to: “Crown restoration of Endodontically Treated Tooth: Lit Review.” Coffman, Visser, Teeth treated with good endodontic obturation and good restoration had what % success rate? Good endodontic restoration and poor restoration?
91.4%; 44.1% (restoration more important!)
According to: “Crown restoration of Endodontically Treated Tooth: Lit Review.” Coffman, Visser, What type of crown has the best strength?
Full gold metal crown; better than non-endodontically treated tooth too
According to: “Crown restoration of Endodontically Treated Tooth: Lit Review.” Coffman, Visser, Human study: 1y after obturation with cast restorations what was the success rate (tooth present vs absent)?
91.7%
According to: “Crown restoration of Endodontically Treated Tooth: Lit Review.” Coffman, Visser, Human study: success rate for maxillary premolars % without coronal coverage and with? (1273 teeth) For maxillary molar teeth?
premolars: without coronal coverage 56%, with 93.9%. molars: w/o coronal coverage 50%, with 97.8%
According to: “Crown restoration of Endodontically Treated Tooth: Lit Review.” Coffman, Visser, Endodontically treated teeth without crowns were what times a greater rate of being lost than crowned teeth?
6 times
According to: “Crown restoration of Endodontically Treated Tooth: Lit Review.” Coffman, Visser, 1,462,936 endodontically treated teeth: 97% present >8y later. Of the failed teeth (3%) what % had no full crown coverage?
85%
According to: “Crown restoration of Endodontically Treated Tooth: Lit Review.” Coffman, Visser, What is better: full coronal coverage or cusp coverage?
Full coronal coverage
According to: “Crown restoration of Endodontically Treated Tooth: Lit Review.” Coffman, Visser, Was composite or amalgam better for restorations?
composite
According to: “Crown restoration of Endodontically Treated Tooth: Lit Review.” Coffman, Visser, What is the average bite force for a dog? When do these forces increase the most?
20-937N (1 pound of force=4.4N); increase when all four canines are used in a pulling motion
According to: “Crown restoration of Endodontically Treated Tooth: Lit Review.” Coffman, Visser, What is the maximum pulling force in a dog?
480-1126N
According to: “Crown restoration of Endodontically Treated Tooth: Lit Review.” Coffman, Visser, Human forces? Weakest/strongest over which teeth?
244-1246N. Weakest 146N incisors; Strongest 306N molars
According to: “Crown restoration of Endodontically Treated Tooth: Lit Review.” Coffman, Visser, Which teeth in humans are most susceptible to irreversible damage when no crown is placed?
Posterior teeth; w/o crowns at 1, 2, and 5y post treatment were 96%, 88% and 36% successful, respectively
According to: “Crown restoration of Endodontically Treated Tooth: Lit Review.” Coffman, Visser, 41 crowns on canine teeth in 18 working dogs reported success rate of _____ for crown restoration. Overall success rate was ___?9/81 teeth received a metal crown. Of these how many were successful?
88%; 69% overall success rate; 8/9 successful with metal crowns
According to “Validation of a New Dental Plaque Quantification Method in Dogs” What are the benefits of GCPI over logan boyce
allows for more reliable quantification, awake animals, measures plaque at gingival margin, where relevance is
documented (rather than whole tooth surface)
According to “Validation of a New Dental Plaque Quantification Method in Dogs” How is the GCPI calculated?
measure gingival margin on maxillary 3-9 and mandibular 4, 6, 7, 8 from mid point mesial to midpoint distal using a special
gingival contour probe (rounded to nearest mm). Measure legth of this contour covered by plaque. Total both of these numbers and represent score as a percentage of gingival contour covered with plaque.
According to “Tooth Preparation and Impression for Full Metal Crown Restoration” What type of margin is recommended for crowns in animals?
Chamfer Margin
According to “Tooth Preparation and Impression for Full Metal Crown Restoration”What depth should the initial cut at the margin of the tooth be?
0.5-1 mm
According to “Tooth Preparation and Impression for Full Metal Crown Restoration”What teeth are most commonly prepared for crown placement?
Canine teeth and maxillary 4th Premolar
According to “Tooth Preparation and Impression for Full Metal Crown Restoration”What should be avoided in your preparation?
Unsupported Enamel, undercuts, pyramid shaped canine teeth
, uneven defects in the margin
According to “Osseous Surgery to Augment Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis of Canine Teeth in a Cat” What common signs of PD dz are unique to felines?
buccal bone expansion, alveolar osteitis, canine tooth
extrusion/ supereruption
According to “Osseous Surgery to Augment Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis of Canine Teeth in a Cat” Why was osseous resective surgery employed?
Most reliable/predictable pocket reduction technique
According to “Osseous Surgery to Augment Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis of Canine Teeth in a Cat” What is the most important determinant of periodontal disease?
Genetics
According to “Orthodontic Correction of Base Narrow Canine in a Cat” Wettering, the case report references a cat with LV 304 and Class II malocclusion that had an acrylic inclined plane placed. What are all the treatment options for 304?
CRA, VPT; surgical repositioning; exodontia; orthodontics
According to “Orthodontic Correction of Base Narrow Canine in a Cat” Wettering, at what percent of the mouth being open was the acrylic set to contact the mandibular canine teeth?
25%
According to “Orthodontic Correction of Base Narrow Canine in a Cat” Wettering, What angle is the inclined plane set to mesiobuccal tipping?
~60 degrees
According to “Orthodontic Correction of Base Narrow Canine in a Cat” Wettering, Acrylic inclined plane was only left on for 2 weeks. Why was the typical 1 month retainer period post orthodontic movement not used in this case?
Diastema between 203/204 provides a natural retainer
According to “Orthodontic Correction of Base Narrow Canine in a Cat” Wettering, What are the complications associated with LV of 304?
Soft tissue trauma, ONF, TMJ problems
According to “Orthodontic Correction of Base Narrow Canine in a Cat” Wettering, What are some causes of base narrow mandible?
RT/DT, retrusive/brachygnathic mandible or true “base narrow mandible (too narrow)
According to “Orthodontic Correction of Base Narrow Canine in a Cat” Wettering, what are reasons to keep and not extract the mandibular canine teeth?
Structural support of the jaw; keep the tongue in the mouth
According to “Orthodontic Correction of Base Narrow Canine in a Cat” Wettering, What are complications of CRA, VPT?
Can still have pulp death due to infection from restoration leakage/loss. If apexogenesis does not occur cannot RCT must extract!
According to “Orthodontic Correction of Base Narrow Canine in a Cat” Wettering, what are the 2 mechanisms of orthodontic movement (theories)?
Piezoelectric: force applied to bone leads to induction of bony remodeling. More accepted: pressure-tension: pressure applied to PDL, blood flow on pressure side decreases, flow on tension side increases, changes in blood flow result in chemical signals to osteoclasts/blasts to remodel bone by removing on pressure side and placing on tension side.
According to “Orthodontic Correction of Base Narrow Canine in a Cat” Wettering, What is the benefit to fixed orthodontic appliances? Con?
Effective, easy. Con: second anesthesia to remove it, animals that chew (dogs)
According to “Orthodontic Correction of Base Narrow Canine in a Cat” Wettering, what type of orthodontic forces applied with this acrylic inclined plane?
Passive intermittent forces
According to “Orthodontic Correction of Base Narrow Canine in a Cat” Wettering, what is a con to cast appliances in orthodontics?
Teeth must be fully erupted at the time of impressions. Expansion screw, quad-helix, W-wire cross midline of the mouth (bulky, do not allow continued jaw growth). Cannot move only 1 tooth!
According to “Orthodontic Correction of Base Narrow Canine in a Cat” Wettering, Why was the inclined plane placed bilaterally?
to prevent lateral shift of the mandible (keep 404 in neutral position)
According to “Orthodontic Correction of Base Narrow Canine in a Cat” Wettering, What is the downfall of a telescoping inclined plane?
allows maxillary growth, but K9 teeth must be fully erupted (b/c of impressions) unless chair side
According to “Orthodontic Correction of Base Narrow Canine in a Cat” Wettering, direct acrylic inclined plane provides what other benefit?
decrease time/expense of dental lab fabrication; movement of 1 tooth; easy to apply; generally safe
According to Foundations article: “Veterinary Dentistry Nomenclature,” name classifications of mobility
Stage 0: physiologic- 0 to 0.2mm; Stage 1: 0.2-0.5mm; Stage 2: 0.5 to 1.0mm; Stage 3: >1.0mm
According to Foundations article: “Veterinary Dentistry Nomenclature,” Define enamel infarction vs fracture
Infarction: incomplete crack of enamel with no tooth loss. Enamel fracture: fracture with loss of crown in enamel only
According to Foundations article: “Veterinary Dentistry Nomenclature,” define classifications of fx.
CCF, UCF, CCRF, UCRF, RF
According to Foundations article: “Veterinary Dentistry Nomenclature,” know mesial/distal, palatal/lingual, rostral/caudal
Yup.
According to “Surgical Management of a Compound Odontoma in a Dog” by Klima and Golstein, what are tumors associated with an unerupted tooth?
Odontoma (compound/complex), dentigerous cyst, ameloblastoma, cementoblastoma, myxoma or radicular cyst.
According to “Surgical Management of a Compound Odontoma in a Dog” by Klima and Golstein, what is the treatment of choice for an odontoma?
Removal of all bony/dental remnants, unerupted teeth and enucleation of any cystic lining
According to “Surgical Management of a Compound Odontoma in a Dog” by Klima and Golstein, what is an odontoma?
a benign oral tumor arising from odontogenic epithelium and ectomesenchyme
According to “Surgical Management of a Compound Odontoma in a Dog” by Klima and Golstein, is an odontoma a true neoplasm?
No. It is a hamartomous process per WHO; developmental abnormality or malformation
According to “Surgical Management of a Compound Odontoma in a Dog” by Klima and Golstein, what are the 2 types of odontomas?
Complex: disorganized odontogenic structures (dentin, pulp, cementum, enamel) with no formed tooth; compound: contains identifiable tooth-like structures (denticles) within a fibrous stroma. “A pound of denticles.”
According to “Surgical Management of a Compound Odontoma in a Dog” by Klima and Golstein, what embryologic structures are needed for normal tooth development (odontogenesis)?
enamel organ, dental papilla, dental follicle
According to “Surgical Management of a Compound Odontoma in a Dog” by Klima and Golstein, what are the four layers of enamel organ?
outer dental epithelium, stellate reticulum, stratum intermedium, inner dental epithelium
According to “Surgical Management of a Compound Odontoma in a Dog” by Klima and Golstein, what is important about the inner dental epithelium (layer of enamel organ)?
It lies along basal lamina separating from dental papilla; allows for differentiation of ectomesenchyme into odontoblasts; dentin formation along dental papilla induces differentiation into functional ameloblasts leading to enamel deposition along dentinal surface of crown
According to “Surgical Management of a Compound Odontoma in a Dog” by Klima and Golstein, what is the function of Hertwig’s root sheath?
allows for odontoblastic differentiation and dentin formation of tooth root structure. When tooth root development is almost complete, the root sheath ruptures and allows mesenchymal cells of dental sac and developing PDL to contact newly formed dentin (allows for differentiation into cementoblasts and deposition of cementum)
According to “Surgical Management of a Compound Odontoma in a Dog” by Klima and Golstein, what do remnants of Hertwig’s root sheath become?
Cell rests of Malaise; persist throughout life in PDL close to root surface
According to “Surgical Management of a Compound Odontoma in a Dog” by Klima and Golstein, what is the clinical significance of cell rests of Malassez?
thought to be source of development of epithelial odontogenic tumors
According to “Surgical Management of a Compound Odontoma in a Dog” by Klima and Golstein, what is the primary tissue within a complex odontoma?
dentin
According to “Surgical Management of a Compound Odontoma in a Dog” by Klima and Golstein, what is one reason an unerupted tooth is often diagnosed concurrently with an odontoma?
Bc the odontoma blocks normal tooth eruption
According to JVD Summer 2007 “Reattachment of Tooth Fragment: An In Vitro Study” Why did they do this study???
Who knows.
According to JVD Summer 2007 “Reattachment of Tooth Fragment: An In Vitro Study”
What type of post was the strongest for tooth fragment re-attachment?
Nickel Chromium cast post
According to JVD Summer 2007 “Reattachment of Tooth Fragment: An In Vitro Study”
Were the re-attahced fragments stronger, weaker or equivocal to the unfragmented teeth?
Weaker by 55-90+ %
According to JVD Summer 2007 “Reattachment of Tooth Fragment: An In Vitro Study”
Why were the teeth sectioned as opposed to fractured prior to re-adaptation?
Sectioning provided a reliable, consistent fragment for testing, fracture lines were unpredictable regardless of the method used
to fracture the teeth.
According to JVD Summer 2007 “Composite Restoration of Enamel Defects”
What are thee three principles of restortives?
~Remove all abnormal tooth substance without weakening
tooth structure
~Extension for prevention, remove undermined or diseased
enamel and dentin that will predispose to further defects
~The design of the restoration should facilitate filling, finishing and
retention
According to JVD Summer 2007 “Composite Restoration of Enamel Defects”
Why are bevelled edges recommended ?
To increase the surface area of contact and facilitate retention
According to JVD Summer 2007 “Composite Restoration of Enamel Defects”
When are bevelled edges contraindicated?
On occlusal surfaces
According to JVD Summer 2007 “Composite Restoration of Enamel Defects”
Why was a flowable composite used? (list 3 favourable properties)
strength, flexibility, ease of use (handling), controlled setting time,
aesthetics
According to JVD Summer 2007 “Evaluation of Periodontal Changes Following Intra-Alveolar Prosthesis for Maxillary Cheek Tooth Extraction in Ponies”
In the first twelve months following extraction where were perio
changes found?
in the 06-07 cheek teeth
According to JVD Summer 2007 “Evaluation of Periodontal Changes Following Intra-Alveolar Prosthesis for Maxillary Cheek Tooth Extraction in Ponies”
In the months 12-24 what happened respectively to the rostral and caudal cheek wrt periodontal disease?
rostral teeth improved, caudal teeth got worse
According to JVD Summer 2007 “Evaluation of Periodontal Changes Following Intra-Alveolar Prosthesis for Maxillary Cheek Tooth Extraction in Ponies”
What changes were seen in maxillary teeth on both control and treatment sides?
widening of interproximal space, diastemata formation, food trapping, gingival swelling, pocketing
According to JVD Summer 2007 “Evaluation of Periodontal Changes Following Intra-Alveolar Prosthesis for Maxillary Cheek Tooth Extraction in Ponies”
Was use of an intraalveolar bone graft prosthetic material
effective for preventing tooth drift?
Nope.
According to “Mandibular Fx Repair in a Harbor Seal” Lewer, Brown, et al, what type of fracture and initial stabilization was attempted? Term
Left rostral mandibular fracture btw 305/306 with symphyseal laxity. First repair involved interdental and inter fragmentary cerclage wiring.
According to “Mandibular Fx Repair in a Harbor Seal” Lewer, Brown, et al, the initial repair failed with wires coming loose. What was the next attempted fracture repair?
Removal or tightening of loose wire, interdental wiring and acrylic splint.
According to “Mandibular Fx Repair in a Harbor Seal” Lewer, Brown, et al, when did the fracture finally heal/appliance removed?
At 6 mo recheck: lysis, left on. At 12 mo recheck very small amy of bony callous. Splint and wire removed.
According to “Mandibular Fx Repair in a Harbor Seal” Lewer, Brown, et al, what are methods of internal and external fixation for mandibular fracture repair?
Internal: bone plates, screws, interdental or inter fragmentary wiring, cerclage wires. External: Ex fix, acrylic splint, tape muzzles– not rigid fixation.
According to “Mandibular Fx Repair in a Harbor Seal” Lewer, Brown, et al, in equines, what is the best method of rigid fixation?
dynamic compression plating for comminuted fx. Interdental wiring and splints may be adequate for more straight forward fractures.Definition
According to “Mandibular Fx Repair in a Harbor Seal” Lewer, Brown, et al, where are plates typically applied? where is the actual tension surface of the mandible?
Plates and ex fixes applied to ventral or ventrolateral compression surface, not the dorsal/alveolar border aspect of the mandible.
According to “Mandibular Fx Repair in a Harbor Seal” Lewer, Brown, et al, what is a benefit to acrylic splinting?
Provides static compression of tension surface and allows for dynamic compression of ventral surface during mastication. Does not involve medullary canal so no disruption of tooth roots/mandibular canal.
According to “Oral Soft Tissue Anatomy in Dog/Cat” Eubanks, what is the point at the top or bottom of the vestibule oral mucosa turns toward the alveolar ridge?
Mucobuccal or mucolabial fold. Pouch formed by the reflection is the fornix.
According to “Oral Soft Tissue Anatomy in Dog/Cat” Eubanks, what are the attachments of the folds of mucosal tissue that attach the lips and gums called? where are they?
Frenula; maxillary (central incisors) and mandibular bilaterally – labial frenulum
According to “Oral Soft Tissue Anatomy in Dog/Cat” Eubanks, describe the path of the parotid salivary duct.
Crosses the lateral surface of the masseter m, course beneath the buccal mucosa and opens as a single orifice onto a papilla over the distal root of PM4.
According to “Oral Soft Tissue Anatomy in Dog/Cat” Eubanks, are there other salivary structures on the maxillary buccal mucosa aside from the parotid papilla?
Zygomatic (caudal to parotid). One to 4 accessory ducts
According to “Oral Soft Tissue Anatomy in Dog/Cat” Eubanks, what is the primary artery and nerve innervation for the maxilla?
Maxillary a. and n. (trigeminal CN V)
According to “Oral Soft Tissue Anatomy in Dog/Cat” Eubanks, where are the palatine foramen located?
Major is located medial to maxillary fourth premolar. One or more minor palatine foramen are located caudally.
According to “Oral Soft Tissue Anatomy in Dog/Cat” Eubanks, the maxillary a. is the main continuation off what a.? What other branches come off of it? (major)
external carotid a.; mandibular a, minor palatine, major palatine and continuation to infraorbital a once entering the infraorbital canal.
According to “Oral Soft Tissue Anatomy in Dog/Cat” Eubanks, what do the major and minor palatine a supply?
course rostrally across palate supplying bony and soft tissues of hard palate before reaching palatine tissue where it anastomoses with infraorbital a.
According to “Oral Soft Tissue Anatomy in Dog/Cat” Eubanks, what is the dorsal extremity of the ramus that articulates with the skull? what is the caudal projection of the mandibular ramus?
Coronoid process (rounded projects). Condylar process (including angular process of condylar process) that projects caudally.
According to “Oral Soft Tissue Anatomy in Dog/Cat” Eubanks, the mandibular a. is a branch off what a? What does it give rise to?
maxillary a. gives rise to inferior alveolar once entering mandibular canal and terminates rostrally as mental a in the mental foramen (same for n.)
According to “Oral Soft Tissue Anatomy in Dog/Cat” Eubanks, what is the purpose of the incisive papilla?
communicates with the vomeronasal organ and nasal cavity (Flehmen response)
According to “Oral Soft Tissue Anatomy in Dog/Cat” Eubanks,what salivary ducts open on the sublingual caruncle?
monostomatic and mandibular
According to “Oral Soft Tissue Anatomy in Dog/Cat” Eubanks,where is the polystomatic portion of the sublingual salivary gland?
6-12 lobules open into recessed area btw tongue and mandible; may be absent in the cat.
According to “Oral Soft Tissue Anatomy in Dog/Cat” Eubanks, what additional salivary gland to cats have?
molar salivary gland
According to “Scanning electron microscopic study of dentinal tubules in dog canine teeth” Robb, Boy, et al, what was the diameter of dentinal tubules in dog canine teeth? what number of tubules were reported in these areas?
2.1micrometers adjacent to pulp wall (deep dentin); 0.9micrometers adjacent to the enamel junction (superficial dentin). 90,000 to 24,000/mm squared
According to “Scanning electron microscopic study of dentinal tubules in dog canine teeth” Robb, Boy, et al, a recent study about plaque control was referenced and the average diameter of dentinal tubules before accumulation of plaque was?
2.42 +/- 0.33micrometers; this study did not specify teeth or the depth of dentin
According to “Scanning electron microscopic study of dentinal tubules in dog canine teeth” Robb, Boy, et al, what has been the reported tubular diameter of dentin in humans?
2.90 +/- 0.22 micrometers in deep dentin; 2.65 +/- 0.19 micrometers in superficial layers.
According to “Scanning electron microscopic study of dentinal tubules in dog canine teeth” Robb, Boy, et al, is there a difference between diameter and tubular density at the same level of dentin in humans and dog teeth? Humans and bovine?
Yes! Which may explain some of the different adhesive properties. No.
According to “Scanning electron microscopic study of dentinal tubules in dog canine teeth” Robb, Boy, et al, this study looked at 16 canine teeth from small breed dogs and 13 from large breed dogs. What was the difference in superficial and deep tubular density between small and large breed dogs? Humans?
Small breed: superficial 29.151 +/- 3.801mm sq, deep 42.599 +/- 12.088mm sq; large breed: 31.6 +/- 4.438mm sp superficial, 52.494 +/- 12.129mm sq; 18.781 +/- 5.855mm sq, 21.343 +/- 7.290mm sp
According to “Scanning electron microscopic study of dentinal tubules in dog canine teeth” Robb, Boy, et al, this study looked at 16 canine teeth from small breed dogs and 13 from large breed dogs. What was the difference in superficial and deep tubular diameter between small and large breed dogs? Humans?
Small breed: superficial 2.21 +/- 0.5 micrometers, deep 2.37 +/- 0.33 micrometers; large breed: superficial 2.36 +/- 0.56, deep 2.54 +/- 0.4; human: 2.65 +/- 0.19, 2.90 +/- 0.22 micrometers
According to “Scanning electron microscopic study of dentinal tubules in dog canine teeth” Robb, Boy, et al, was there a difference between superficial and deep tubular densities? btw small and large breed dogs?
Yes and Yes!
According to “Scanning electron microscopic study of dentinal tubules in dog canine teeth” Robb, Boy, et al, what does bond strength of dentinal restoration depend on?
the diameter and density of dentinal tubules per mm sq as well as the relative amount of interlobular and intra or peritubular dentin.
According to “Scanning electron microscopic study of dentinal tubules in dog canine teeth” Robb, Boy, et al, how does acid etching work?
peritubular dentin containing mostly apatite crystals with little organic matrix is preferentially removed resulting in demineralization of adjacent interlobular dentin composed of a matrix of type I collagen reinforced by apatite.
According to “Scanning electron microscopic study of dentinal tubules in dog canine teeth” Robb, Boy, et al, what happens to resin monomers following etching?
the minerals removed by etching are replaced by resin monomers upon curing become micro-mechanically interlocked in porosities with formation of resin reinforced hybrid structure.
According to “Scanning electron microscopic study of dentinal tubules in dog canine teeth” Robb, Boy, et al, do dogs or humans have denser dentinal tubules? is there a difference to their shape?
Dogs have denser dentinal tubules for superficial and deep dentin; they are mostly oval shaped compared to humans that are mostly round.
According to “Scanning electron microscopic study of dentinal tubules in dog canine teeth” Robb, Boy, et al, what is the theory for better resin-dentin bond shear strength in human teeth than dogs?
dogs have less intertubular substance than human teeth possibly accounting for lower resin-dentin bond shear strengths
According to “Step by Step: TMJ Luxation in the Cat” by Klima, what is the typical presentation for TMJ luxation in a cat?
Unilateral TMJ lux (bilateral also occurs): dropped jaw appearance with inability to close mouth properly often secondary to trauma, and often mandible shifted to contralateral side of TMJ luxation.
According to “Step by Step: TMJ Luxation in the Cat” by Klima, what other conditions/trauma should cats with the appearance of a TMJ luxation be evaluated for?
Mandibular fx, symphyseal separations, maxillary fx, also neurologic/airway if secondary to trauma
According to “Step by Step: TMJ Luxation in the Cat” by Klima, what is the typical luxation pattern?
Rostrodorsal luxation of the condylar process out of the mandibular fossa across the articular eminence.
According to “Step by Step: TMJ Luxation in the Cat” by Klima, what is the best way to reduce a TMJ luxation?
small diameter fulcrum (wooden dowel, etc) at the caudal mouth, pressure applied to close the mouth while gently pulling on the luxated side of the mandible rostrally to get the condyle over the articular eminence.
According to “Step by Step: TMJ Luxation in the Cat” by Klima, what is one way to provide fixation following TMJ luxation reduction?
MMF (place E-tube first!)
According to “Step by Step: TMJ Luxation in the Cat” by Klima, what are some radiographic views that can be taken with dental film to view the TMJ?
Extraoral laterodorsal obliques and VD/DV shot. (article never mentions a CT -__-)
According to “Step by Step: TMJ Luxation in the Cat” by Klima, what are other differentials for a dropped jaw or open mouth appearance?
mandibular ramus fx, intraoral tumor, FB, jaw locking from laterally positioned coronoid against zygomatic arch (typical in TMJ dysplasia luxations)
According to “Step by Step: TMJ Luxation in the Cat” by Klima, what is one reason a caudoventral condyle luxation occurs? (less common)
Retroarticular process has fractured allowing condyle to move caudally; has poor prognosis and will likely re-luxate following reduction
According to “Step by Step: TMJ Luxation in the Cat” by Klima, what if the TMJ does not reduce properly?
There may be intra-articular fx, condylar neck fx, old fibrotic changes (old injuries), folded articular disc
According to “Step by Step: TMJ Luxation in the Cat” by Klima, what if TMJ injury does not heal?
can perform condylectomy
According to “A Retrospective Evaluation of 204 Diagonal Incisor Malocclusion Corrections in the Horse” by DeLorey, what is DIM? What is the etiology?
DIM (diagonal incisor malocclusion) diagonally opposite incisors are excessively long creating a tilted or slanted incisor occlusal table. Unknown, many ideas: skeletal deviation, asynchronous eruption of incisors, missing or damaged incisors, severe cheek tooth (CT) malocclusion…. but really nobody knows.
According to “A Retrospective Evaluation of 204 Diagonal Incisor Malocclusion Corrections in the Horse” by DeLorey, at rest, where are the incisors and CT (cheek teeth) supposed to be?
incisors are in occlusion lined up, CT are not touching. Only other stability/contact is TMJ besides incisors.
According to “A Retrospective Evaluation of 204 Diagonal Incisor Malocclusion Corrections in the Horse” by DeLorey, how do you correct DIM?
Very carefully. Reducing overlong incisor teeth (often staged) by no more than 4mm per incisor to avoid pulp injury (possibly less)
According to “A Retrospective Evaluation of 204 Diagonal Incisor Malocclusion Corrections in the Horse” by DeLorey, what is one big downside to fully correcting DIM at once?
It will change EMC (excursion to molar contact) and can affect mastication negatively
According to “A Retrospective Evaluation of 204 Diagonal Incisor Malocclusion Corrections in the Horse” by DeLorey, was there a correlation between short side EMC based on direction of DIM?
nope…
According to “Malocclusion in a Cave Lion <i>Panthera spelaea”</i>, by Barycka, what was the point?
They found some cave lion maxilla and mandible pieces, tried to reconstruct them, and claim due to the wear on some of the shearing teeth there was a malocclusion of one of the premolars. Likely not secondary to disease but genetic/inherited. -_-
According to JVD Fall 2007: Diagnosis and Management of Odontogenic Myxoma in a Dog: What is an odontogenic myxoma?
Rare benign (primarily intraosseous) tumor of odontogenic origin, classified as mesenchymal and/or odontogenic ectomesenchymal with or
without odontogenic epithelium
According to JVD Fall 2007: Diagnosis and Management of Odontogenic Myxoma in a Dog:
What is the treatment of choice for odontogenic myxoma?
Excision with 1 cm soft tissue and bony margins.
According to JVD Fall 2007: Diagnosis and Management of Odontogenic Myxoma in a Dog:
What are the radiographic findings with odontogenic myxoma?
unilocular or multilocular lesion with honeycomb or soap bubble
appearance. usually has well defined borders, and bony expansion
can cause root resorption and toothm isplacement
According to JVD Fall 2007: Diagnosis and Management of Odontogenic Myxoma in a Dog:
What does this tumor look like grossly?
grey-white, loose gelationous on cut surface with minimal
encapsulation
According to JVD Fall 2007 “Foundations: Digital dental radiography”,
What is the difference between direct, indirec and semidirect digital radiography?
~Indirect is scanning/photographing of analog films to a computer
~semi-direct is using a phosphor plate which is then scanned
~Direct digital is using a sensor connected directly to a computer
According to JVD Fall 2007 “Foundations: Digital dental radiography”,
What type of plates are used for semi-direct digital rads?
Photostimulative phosphor (PSP)
According to JVD Fall 2007 “Foundations: Digital dental radiography”,
How are phosphor plates ‘reset’ to take another radiograph?
Exposure to bright light
According to JVD Fall 2007 “Foundations: Digital dental radiography”,
How does a digital sensor create an image?
~Measures the amount of radiation hitting the plate on a 256 point grey scale where 0 corresponds to max radiation and is seen
as black and 255 counts as no radiation and is seen as white. The radiation is averaged within grid squares called pixels and each pixel is assigned a grey hue according to this number. the computer creates the image pixel by pixel.
According to JVD Fall 2007 “Foundations: Digital dental radiography”,
which modality is superior, digital or analog dental radiographs?
Conflicting reports in the literature. conclusion of article is that digital is equal to or superior.
According to JVD Fall 2007 In “repair of experimental plaque induced periodontal disease in dogs,
How was the periodontal disease induced?
Placement of silk ligature into the sulcus
According to JVD Fall 2007 In “repair of experimental plaque induced periodontal disease in dogs,
What percentage of teeth responded to the initial
treatment, scaling, closed root planing and chlorhexidine rinse
37.6%
According to JVD Fall 2007 In “repair of experimental plaque induced periodontal disease in dogs,
what percentage of teeth responded to level 2 treatment,
scaling, closed root planing, hygiene PLUS gingival curettage?
~48.8%
According to JVD Fall 2007 In “repair of experimental plaque induced periodontal disease in dogs,
what percentage of teeth respoded to level 3 therapy,
(modified widman flap, open root planing, gingival curettage and closure)
85.4%
According to JVD Fall 2007 In “repair of experimental plaque induced periodontal disease in dogs,
Teeth treated with amniotic membrane and
autogenous bone graft did not do well. What were the failures?
~Eary wound dehiscence and implant exposure in 13/21 teeth
~ Failed to regenerate normal PDL tissue,
~ Failed to improve most furcal defects
According to JVD Fall 2007 In “repair of experimental plaque induced periodontal disease in dogs,
what is the single most important factor
in maintaining periodontal support?
thorough mechanical cleaning of all root surfaces
According to JVD Fall 2007 In “repair of experimental plaque induced periodontal disease in dogs,
in which teeth did periodontal disease progress more
quickly?
Maxillary premolars (only looked 105 106 107 and 406 407 408)
According to JVD Fall 2007 In “repair of experimental plaque induced periodontal disease in dogs,
which pockets are indicated for surgical
therapy?
Pockets with a depth exceeding the MG junction.
According to
JVD Winter 2007 “Anatomy and Clinical Examination of the Tongue in the Dog”
What is this structure and what is it’s function?
Lyssa - possible stretch receptor
According to
JVD Winter 2007 “Anatomy and Clinical Examination of the Tongue in the Dog”
Name the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Styloglossus, genioglossus, hypoglossus
According to
JVD Winter 2007 “Anatomy and Clinical Examination of the Tongue in the Dog”
Which cranial nerve innervates the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Hypoglossal (CN XII)
According to
JVD Winter 2007 “Anatomy and Clinical Examination of the Tongue in the Dog”
What nerve(s) are responsible for afferent (touch, heat, pain, taste) signals from the tongue?
CN’s VII, IX, XII
According to
JVD Winter 2007 “Anatomy and Clinical Examination of the Tongue in the Dog”
Special sensory information in the form of taste is conveyed by which CN?
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal) CN VII (chorda tympani branch)
According to
JVD Winter 2007 “Anatomy and Clinical Examination of the Tongue in the Dog”
Which of the following is the major blood supply to the tongue?
A) lingual artery
B) sublingual artery
C) Glossal artery
D) Hypoglossal artery
A
According to
JVD Winter 2007 “Anatomy and Clinical Examination of the Tongue in the Dog”
Pictured here The most numerous papillae on the tongue are which of the following?
A) Foliate
B) Filliform
C) Circumvallate
D) Fungiform
B) Filliform
~Most numerous, small and conical
~Located on rostral 2/3 of tongue’s dorsal surface
~Protection of tongue, general sensation, retention of food and
water, grooming
~Less numerous in cats, but more cornified with hook-like tips
for grooming
According to
JVD Winter 2007 “Anatomy and Clinical Examination of the Tongue in the Dog”
What are these papillae?
Conical
~Large and conical, tips of cones point caudally
~Distributed over caudal 1/3 of tongue
~Protection of tongue, general sensation, retention of food and
water
According to
JVD Winter 2007 “Anatomy and Clinical Examination of the Tongue in the Dog”
What are these papillae?
Foliate
~Present on lateral surface of tongue rostral to palatoglossal fold
~Gustatory
According to
JVD Winter 2007 “Anatomy and Clinical Examination of the Tongue in the Dog”
What are these papillae?
Vallate (circumvalate) papillae
~Largest of lingual papillae, number 3-6 with an average of 4
~Located where rostral 2/3 of tongue meets the caudal 1/3
~Arranged on either side of the median sulcus in a “V”
formation with the point of the “V” projecting caudally.
~General sensation and gustatory
According to
JVD Winter 2007 “Anatomy and Clinical Examination of the Tongue in the Dog”
Which papillae are gustatory and non gustatory?
Gustatory: vallate, fungiform and foliate
Non Gustatory: filiform, conical, marginal
What is the function of marginal papillae?
Function to improve seal when nursing.
lost when puppies change to a solid diet.
Based on “Use of CO2 Laser as an Adjunctive Treatment of Caudal Stomatitis in a Cat” by Lewis, Reiter, et al, how do lasers work?
Convert photos to thermal energy within tissue
Based on “Use of CO2 Laser as an Adjunctive Treatment of Caudal Stomatitis in a Cat” by Lewis, at different temps what happens to tissue?
below 60C thermal injury w/o necrosis; 60-65C proteins are denatured and tissue necrosis occurs; >100C water in tissue turns to steam resulting in explosive vaporization; >150C rapid breakdown results in layer of carbonization aka “char” which will need to be removed as it acts as a heat sink leading to more tissue damage
Based on “Use of CO2 Laser as an Adjunctive Treatment of Caudal Stomatitis in a Cat” by Lewis, what is the wavelength of dental laser emissions?
500 to 10,600nm
Based on “Use of CO2 Laser as an Adjunctive Treatment of Caudal Stomatitis in a Cat” by Lewis, how are CO2 lasers delivered? YAG lasers?
reflective surfaces; transmitting fibers
Based on “Use of CO2 Laser as an Adjunctive Treatment of Caudal Stomatitis in a Cat” by Lewis, what does YAG stand for? What are the 3 different YAG laser types?
Yttrium-aluminum-garnet; Er:YAG=erbium; Ho:YAG=holium; Nd:YAG=neodynium-doped
Based on “Use of CO2 Laser as an Adjunctive Treatment of Caudal Stomatitis in a Cat” by Lewis, it is best to choose a laser based on the wavelength maximally absorbed by the components of the target tissue. What is CO2 laser best absorbed by?
water
Based on “Use of CO2 Laser as an Adjunctive Treatment of Caudal Stomatitis in a Cat” by Lewis, what is the wavelength of a CO2 laser?
10,600nm; invisible, infrared, non-ionizing portion of the spectrum
Based on “Use of CO2 Laser as an Adjunctive Treatment of Caudal Stomatitis in a Cat” by Lewis, how is CO2 laser delivered? why is CO2 laser so great for the oral cavity?
non-contact mode, mirrored articulating arm; does not penetrate beyond tissue surface layer (does not damage deeper structures)
Based on “Use of CO2 Laser as an Adjunctive Treatment of Caudal Stomatitis in a Cat” by Lewis, what is a diode laser?
solid-state semiconductor laser connects electrical energy into light energy. 800-980nm, near infrared, invisible, non-ionizing, absorbed by pigmented soft tissue, used in contact or non-contact, poorly absorbed by tooth structure
Based on “Use of CO2 Laser as an Adjunctive Treatment of Caudal Stomatitis in a Cat” by Lewis, what is the benefit of a Nd:YAG laser?
fiberoptic delivery most often in contact with tissues, FIRST laser designed for dentistry, 1064nm, used in periodontal debridement, removal of pigmented carious lesions (w/o disrupting healthy dentin/enamel). Best on pigmented tissues> water
Based on “Use of CO2 Laser as an Adjunctive Treatment of Caudal Stomatitis in a Cat” by Lewis, what is the benefit to Ho:YAG laser?
similar to Nd:YAG except 2,120nm and absorption by water (100x greater than Nd:YAG)
Based on “Use of CO2 Laser as an Adjunctive Treatment of Caudal Stomatitis in a Cat” by Lewis, what is the benefit of Er:YAG laser?
2,940nm, wavelength most readily absorbed by water, not easily transmitted, delivered by fiberoptic, can debride carious lesions and used in tooth prep. Limited hemostasis.
Based on “Use of CO2 Laser as an Adjunctive Treatment of Caudal Stomatitis in a Cat” by Lewis, what is the benefit of argon lasers?
2 emission wavelengths: 488 and 514nm. 488 needed to activate camphoroquinone (photo initiator) causes polymerization of resin in light-cured composite materials. 514nm has peak absorption in red pigment (Hg, hemosiderin, melanin)– good hemostasis. Contact mode. Used for highly vascular lesions. NOT well absorbed by dental hard tissue or water. Used in tooth whitening.
Based on “Use of CO2 Laser as an Adjunctive Treatment of Caudal Stomatitis in a Cat” by Lewis, in the case report they use CO2 laser therapy for an FCGS cat how many times?
4 times, in conjunction with extractions, prednisolone, and other therapies. Multi-modal, cannot prove laser was what eventually led to resolution.
Based on “Use of CO2 Laser as an Adjunctive Treatment of Caudal Stomatitis in a Cat” by Lewis, what are some uses for CO2 lasers in vet dentistry?
gingivectomy, operculectomy, oral mass removal, frenotomy, frenectomy, periodontal flap surgery, tx of eosinophilic ulcers, tx of stomatitis, elongated soft palate sx, maxillectomy, mandibulectomy, glossectomy, ranula marsupialization
Based on “Use of CO2 Laser as an Adjunctive Treatment of Caudal Stomatitis in a Cat” by Lewis, do lasers damage teeth?
they can cause thermal injury and pulpitis, YES
Based on “Use of CO2 Laser as an Adjunctive Treatment of Caudal Stomatitis in a Cat” by Lewis, what are the goals of CO2 laser tx for a cat with FCGS?
removal of proliferative tissue, stimulate fibrosis, reduce opportunistic bacteria
According to “Prevalence of Crown Trauma in Free-Ranging Maned Wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurous) in Central Brazil,” by Furtado, Lopes et al, what was the most commonly affected tooth in the oral cavity?
Maxillary canine; 44% canines (10 maxillary, 5 mandibular)
According to “Prevalence of Crown Trauma in Free-Ranging Maned Wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurous) in Central Brazil,” by Furtado, Lopes et al, how many (what percent) of teeth in adult animals had evidence of trauma?
34 teeth in 12/17 (63.1%)
According to “Prevalence of Crown Trauma in Free-Ranging Maned Wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurous) in Central Brazil,” by Furtado, Lopes et al, what percent were CCFs?
13 or 38% CCFs, 8 discolored (23.5%); 67.7% maxillary teeth
According to “Prevalence of Crown Trauma in Free-Ranging Maned Wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurous) in Central Brazil,” by Furtado, Lopes et al, what types of fractures were most common?
Coronal (crown fractures) 56%, slab fractures (37%)
According to “Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) for Apexification of Non-Vital Immature Permanent Teeth,” by Juriga, Marretta, and Niederberger, what is apexification?
inducing formation of the root in a tooth with an open apex in an immature tooth
According to “Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) for Apexification of Non-Vital Immature Permanent Teeth,” by Juriga, Marretta, and Niederberger, what are some properties of MTA?
biocompatible, bactericidal, set up in presence of blood (completely in 4h), induces dental bridge, regeneration of bone, cementum and promotes new PDL cells.
According to “Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) for Apexification of Non-Vital Immature Permanent Teeth,” by Juriga, Marretta, and Niederberger, what are irrigants that can be used?
Bleach (0.5-5.25%), chlorhexidine, and EDTA (to remove smear layer) and sterile saline to lavage
According to “Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) for Apexification of Non-Vital Immature Permanent Teeth,” by Juriga, Marretta, and Niederberger, how much MTA should be placed at the apex (bottom of canal)?
2-5mm MTA placed 1.5mm short of apex then placed with plugger
According to “Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) for Apexification of Non-Vital Immature Permanent Teeth,” by Juriga, Marretta, and Niederberger, what are options once the MTA is placed?
1 step procedure: place intermediate layer (bc MTA not completed set yet) of GI, then obturation and final restoration. Staged procedure: fill canal with DyCal or CaOH and chlorhex for 4h or 1 d to 1 week later, then remove interim dressing, sterilize and lavage canal and place obturation over MTA (now set) and final restoration.
According to “Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) for Apexification of Non-Vital Immature Permanent Teeth,” by Juriga, Marretta, and Niederberger, what is a benefit to performing the entire procedure in one step?
Decreases risk of fracture and has better long term prognosis
According to “Histological Evaluation of the Pulp in Teeth from Dogs with Naturally Occurring Periodontal disease” by Nemec (A), Crossley et al, what was one of the challenges preparing the teeth for histo? why is this important?
The control teeth were more difficult to demineralize with EDTA. The teeth were first soaked in 10% formol saline, then EDTA, then still required nitric acid for complete decalcification. This may have caused some artifact esp in predentin and odontoblast layer (same for diseased teeth just less severe)
According to “Histological Evaluation of the Pulp in Teeth from Dogs with Naturally Occurring Periodontal disease” by Nemec (A), Crossley et al, what was the inclusion criteria?
Moderate to severe PD dz including PP >50% root length, loss greater than 33% periodontal support, or FE lesions, NO dental within last 3y
According to “Histological Evaluation of the Pulp in Teeth from Dogs with Naturally Occurring Periodontal disease” by Nemec (A), Crossley et al, what were some of the things evaluated histologically?
Ext/Int resorption, changes in odontoblast layer (possibly affected by demineralization process), tertiary/reparative dentin, inflammatory cells in odontoblast layer, in/out of vessels, vessel changes (dilation/congestion, hyalin/fibrin), amount of collagen fibers, calcification and overall histologic evaluation of pulp (necrosis, altered uninformed, chronic pulpitis)
According to “Histological Evaluation of the Pulp in Teeth from Dogs with Naturally Occurring Periodontal disease” by Nemec (A), Crossley et al, what were some of the findings in the 5 healthy (control teeth)?
narrow pulp canal (age related), tertiary/reparative dentin was low grade, pulp fibrosis more apically, pulp cellularity was low, normal prevention, no abnormal calcifications within pulp, no chronic apical periodontitis, no root resorption, no lateral or accessory canals, 60% had localized mineralization of cementum
According to “Histological Evaluation of the Pulp in Teeth from Dogs with Naturally Occurring Periodontal disease” by Nemec (A), Crossley et al, how many periodontally diseased teeth were included? What percent had narrow pulp? pulp necrosis? no inflammation?
22 teeth. 100% had narrow pulp, 40.9% had pulp necrosis, 13.6% had no inflammation or necrosis
According to “Histological Evaluation of the Pulp in Teeth from Dogs with Naturally Occurring Periodontal disease” by Nemec (A), Crossley et al, what percent of diseased teeth showed pulpal calcifications? hyalin vessels?
46.2% had pulpal calcification, almost all vital teeth
According to “Histological Evaluation of the Pulp in Teeth from Dogs with Naturally Occurring Periodontal disease” by Nemec (A), Crossley et al, what cell type predominates the coronal pulp in chronic pulpitis?
plasma cells
According to “Histological Evaluation of the Pulp in Teeth from Dogs with Naturally Occurring Periodontal disease” by Nemec (A), Crossley et al, what percent of diseased teeth had marked pulpitis? mild increase in inflammatory cells? no apical deltas? accessory canals?
27.3% had marked pulpitis; 18.2% had mild increase in inflammatory cells, 13.6% had no apical delta, 22.7% had accessory canals
According to “Histological Evaluation of the Pulp in Teeth from Dogs with Naturally Occurring Periodontal disease” by Nemec (A), Crossley et al, how many diseased teeth had root resorption? were these mostly in teeth with pulptitis or necrosis?
59.1% of diseased teeth had external root resorption (no internal seen); of these teeth 83.3% had pulpitis, and 66.7% had pulp necrosis
According to “Histological Evaluation of the Pulp in Teeth from Dogs with Naturally Occurring Periodontal disease” by Nemec (A), Crossley et al, was there a statistical correlation btwn frequency of dental treatments and histologic findings within pulp?
Nope.
According to “Histological Evaluation of the Pulp in Teeth from Dogs with Naturally Occurring Periodontal disease” by Nemec (A), Crossley et al, was there a difference in quantity of predentin in control and diseased teeth?
Yes: 61.5% of vital periodontally diseased teeth had reduced quantity of predentin
According to “Histological Evaluation of the Pulp in Teeth from Dogs with Naturally Occurring Periodontal disease” by Nemec (A), Crossley et al, what is one theory the periodontally diseased teeth demineralized faster than control/healthy teeth?
areas of chronic periodontal attachment loss allow easier diffusion of EDTA
According to “Histological Evaluation of the Pulp in Teeth from Dogs with Naturally Occurring Periodontal disease” by Nemec (A), Crossley et al, what do the authors attribute all of the periodontally diseased teeth having fibrotic pulp changes to?
age related changes as control teeth appeared the same
According to “Histological Evaluation of the Pulp in Teeth from Dogs with Naturally Occurring Periodontal disease” by Nemec (A), Crossley et al, how many diseased teeth had apical deltas? what about the apical delta increases the risk of pulp necrosis/pulpitis?
86.4% had apical deltas; the fine vascular channels are more susceptible to occlusion and/or avulsion during mvmt compared to larger vessels. High decree of pulp necrosis (40.9%) is associated w high incidence of tooth mobility in dogs w periodontitis (63.7%)
According to “Histological Evaluation of the Pulp in Teeth from Dogs with Naturally Occurring Periodontal disease” by Nemec (A), Crossley et al, what percent of diseased teeth had chronic apical periodontitis?
44.4%
According to “Histological Evaluation of the Pulp in Teeth from Dogs with Naturally Occurring Periodontal disease” by Nemec (A), Crossley et al, what were 2 unexpected and unique findings within the pulp of diseased teeth?
cystic changes in 1 pulp, 18.2% of teeth had demineralization of large sharpey’s fibers in cementum in areas of periodontitis; also glomus body in 1 tooth pulp
According to “Histological Evaluation of the Pulp in Teeth from Dogs with Naturally Occurring Periodontal disease” by Nemec (A), Crossley et al, is it controversial to perform perio tx?
No evidence that root planing damages lateral canals or removes cementum enough to induce pulpal trauma (thermal injury is real though)
According to “Histological Evaluation of the Pulp in Teeth from Dogs with Naturally Occurring Periodontal disease” by Nemec (A), Crossley et al, what do the authors hypothesize is the most likely the link btwn periodontal disease and pulp?
condition of pulp depends more on duration of advanced PD dz not severity. Pulp necrosis requires PD dz extending to the apex allow bacterial invasion (perio-endo lesion)
According to JVD winter 2007: Comparative Observation of Skeletal-Dental Abnormalities in
Wild, Domestic, and Rabbits, which bite pattern appears only in wlild rabbits?
What patterns are observed in lab rabbits and pets?
Tangential closed is only wild type pattern
other pattens are tangential level, and tangential open
According to JVD winter 2007: Comparative Observation of Skeletal-Dental Abnormalities in
Wild, Domestic, and Rabbits, describe the type of dentition observed in rabbits?
aradicular hypsodont
According to JVD winter 2007: Comparative Observation of Skeletal-Dental Abnormalities in
Wild, Domestic, and Rabbits, what differences were noted in the skulls of wild rabbits overall
compared to lab rabbits?
Tended towards shorted and wider skulls. big varability in pet rabbits due to differences in breed
species etc.
According to JVD winter 2007: Comparative Observation of Skeletal-Dental Abnormalities in
Wild, Domestic, and Rabbits, What is the rate of growth of rabbit teeth?
1-2 cm/month
According to JVD 2007 Winter “Effect of pellet food size and polyphosphates on preventing calculus accumulation, What was the effect of increasing kibble size by 50%?
Decreased plaque accumulation by 42%
According to JVD 2007 Winter “Effect of pellet food size and polyphosphates on preventing calculus accumulation,,in wwhich teeth was calculus least effectively prevented?
~Maxillary canine and first incisor
According to JVD 2007 Winter “Effect of pellet food size and polyphosphates on preventing calculus accumulation, how do polyphosphates prevent calculus accum.?
- bind to hydroxyapatite (enamel) to facilitate crystal growth thus they remain in the plaque layer.
- bind calcium in solution so it can’t contribute to calculus.
Name the elements labelled A, B, C, D from this normal tooth.
A) Dentin
B) Pre-dentin
C) Odontoblast Layer
D) Pulp
