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ANAT 315 > joints + shoulder bone & joints > Flashcards

joints + shoulder bone & joints Flashcards

1
Q

what is a joint

A
  • also known as articulation
    -the site where 2 or more bones connect
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2
Q

why are joints important

A
  • link the skeletal system
    -joints facilitate movement of the skeleton
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3
Q

stability vs. mobility

A

most stable- less mobility
less stable- more mobility

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4
Q

classification of joints

A
  1. function: based on range of motion permitted
  2. structure: what tissues join the articulating bones
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5
Q

function + structure of joints

A

synarthrosis: NO movement- fibrous, cartilaginous, bony fusion

amphiarthrosis: little movement- fibrous, cartilaginous

diarthrosis: wide range of motion- synovial

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6
Q

synarthroses joints

A
  • immobile or nearly immobile
    -strong union between articulating bones
    -fibrous, cartilaginous, or bony fusion
    example: pelvis
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7
Q

amphiarthroses joints

A

-slightly moveable
- cartilaginous amphiarthrosis
- bones joined by wedge of cartilage

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8
Q

diarthrosis: synovial joints

A

-specialized for movement (wide range of motion)
all synovial joints have:
1. joint capsule
2. articular cartilage
3. joint cavity filled synovial fluid
4. synovial membrane
5. accessory structures

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9
Q

anatomy of synovial joint

A
  1. joint capsule
  2. articular cartilage
  3. joint cavity filled synovial fluid
  4. synovial membrane
  5. accessory structures
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10
Q

joint capsule (synovial joint)

A

-surrounds synovial joint, encloses joint cavity
made of:
1. outer dense connective tissue layer
2. inner synovial membrane

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11
Q

synovial membrane (synovial joint)

A

lines inner surfaces of the joint (doesn’t cover the articulating bone surfaces)
- produces synovial fluid

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12
Q

synovial fluid (synovial joint)

A

-fills the joint cavity
-lubricates
-absorbs shock
-distributes nutrients to cells of the articular cartilage

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13
Q

articular cartilage (synovial joint)

A
  • covers surfaces of articulating bones
    -smooth surface helps reduce friction during movement
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14
Q

accessory structures of synovial joints

A
  1. menisci
  2. ligaments
  3. bursae
  4. fat pads
    - provides support and additional stability
    (not always present only certain joints)
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15
Q

menisci (meniscus) (synovial joints)

A
  • fibrocartilage pads between bone
    -reduce friction, disperse weight, protect & cushion joint surface
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16
Q

ligaments (synovial joints)

A
  • fibrous connective tissue connecting BONE to BONE
  • support & strengthen synovial joints
    relative to joint capsule can be located:
  • outside (extracapsular)
    -inside (intracapsular)
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17
Q

example of extracapsular ligament

A

patellar tendon PCL

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18
Q

example of intracapsular ligament

A

ACL

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19
Q

bursa

A
  • small fluid-filled pockets in connective tissue, occur around tendons and bones
  • filled with synovial fluid, lined by a synovial membrane
  • reduce friction
  • act as shock absorbers
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20
Q

fat pads

A
  • usually found around the periphery of the joint
  • protect articular cartilages
    -cushion joint as a whole
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21
Q

types of movement at synovial joints

A

-gliding
-angular
-rotational
-special movements

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22
Q

gliding joint

A

planar/linear movement
- two opposing (flat) surfaces slide past each other
ex. intertarsal joints of foot

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23
Q

what is angular movement

A

-movement that changes the angle between articulating bones

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24
Q

adduction

A

movement toward the midline

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25
Q

abduction

A

movement away from the midline

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26
Q

circumduction

A

-extension
-flexion
-adduction
-abduction

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27
Q

medial (internal) rotation

A

rotation towards the midline

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28
Q

lateral (external) rotation

A

rotation away from the midline

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29
Q

supination

A

rotation of the forearm that makes the palm face up

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30
Q

pronation

A

rotation of the forearm that makes the palm face posteriorly (radius rolls across anterior surface of ulna)

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31
Q

inversion

A

sole of foot twists inward

32
Q

eversion

A

sole of foot twists

33
Q

dorsiflexion

A

elevate sole of foot

34
Q

plantar flexion

A

point toes down

35
Q

opposition

A

thumb moves across palm to touch the tips of the fingers

36
Q

reposition

A

thumb and fingers move from opposition to anatomical position

37
Q

protraction

A

moving part of body anteriorly in the horizontal (transverse plane)

38
Q

retraction

A

part of the body moves posteriorly in the horizontal plane

39
Q

elevation

A

structure moves in a superior direction

40
Q

depression

A

structure moves in an inferior direction

41
Q

special movements: vertebral column

A

lateral flexion- vertebral column bends to the side (side-side)

flexion/extension

rotation (twisting)

42
Q

hinge joint

A

-monoaxial (flexion & extension)
-convex surface of a bone fits into a con cave surface of a bone

43
Q

examples of hinge joints

A

-ankle
-knee
-interphalangeal
-elbow

44
Q

pivot joint

A

-monoaxial permits rotation
- pointed surface of bone articulates with a ring (bone and ligament)

45
Q

examples of pivot joint

A
  • C1 & C2 (atlanto-axial joint)
  • proximal radioulnar joint
46
Q

ellipsoidal (condylar joint)

A

biaxial- permits motion across 2 axes
- oval articular face (condyle) sits within a depression on the opposing surface
-flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

47
Q

examples of ellipsoidal (condylar joint)

A

metacarpophalangeal joints 1-5 of the hand

48
Q

saddle joint

A

biaxial- angular movement across 2 axes, opposition
- articular surface of a bone fits into a saddle-shaped bone

49
Q

examples of saddle joint

A

first carpometacarpal joint (base of the thumb)

50
Q

ball-and-socket joint

A

triaxial- angular and rotational movement across three axes
- round head of bone fits into a cup-shaped depression of a bone
-angular motion, circumduction, rotation

51
Q

examples of ball-and-socket joint

A

-shoulder joint
-hip joint

52
Q

types of synovial joints

A

-hinge
-pivot
-ellipsoidal (condylar)
-saddle
-ball and socket

53
Q

component of the pectoral girdle

A
  • clavicle
  • scapula
54
Q

parts of clavicle- superior view

A

acromial/lateral end (1/3, concave)
- articulates with the acromion of scapula

sternal/medial end (2/3, convex)
- articulates with the sternum

55
Q

parts of clavicle- inferior

A

rough inferior surface
- attachment sites for muscles and ligaments

conoid tubercle- a small rounded projection

56
Q

sternoclavicular joint

A

the joint where the clavicle and sternum articulate
- clavicular notch
- manubrium of the sternum

57
Q

borders of the scapula

A

medial border- come together in middle of back

lateral border

58
Q

what are the fossae of the scapula

A
  • supraspinous fossa
  • infraspinous fossa
  • subscapular fossa
59
Q

parts of the anterior scapula

A

acromion
- articulates with the lateral end of clavicle
- larger process

coracoid process
- smaller process
- anterior

60
Q

parts of posterior scapula

A

spine of scapula
- divides posterior surface into supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa

acromion
- at the end of the spine

61
Q

lateral parts of the scapula

A
  • acromion
  • glenoid fossa (glenoid cavity, forms shoulder joint)
  • coracoid process
62
Q

glenohumeral joint

A
  • ball and socket joint
  • protected by bursae
63
Q

Acromioclavicular joint

A

clavicle (lateral end) + acromion
has the acromioclavicular ligament

64
Q

coracoacromial joint

A

Acromion + coracoid process
has the coracoacromial ligament

65
Q

proximal humerus

A
  • head
  • greater tubercle (lateral)
  • lesser tubercle (medial)
  • intertubercular groove
  • surgical neck (where most fracturs occur)
66
Q

shaft of humerus

A

deltoid tuberosity

67
Q

what is a tuberosity

A
  • a rough evaluated surface, usually named for muscle attachments
68
Q

distal humerus features

A

anterior
- capitulum
- trochlea
- radial fossa
- coronoid fossa

forms the condyle

posterior
- trochlea
- olecranon

69
Q

what is a condyle

A

a rounded knob that articulates with other bones

70
Q

what are the 3 fossa’s of the distal humerus

A

-radial fossa (anterior)
- coronoid fossa (anterior)
- olecranon (largest, posterior)

71
Q

bony prominences of humerus

A
  • lateral epicondyle (small)
  • medial epicondyle (large)
72
Q

bones of forearm

A

radius
ulna

73
Q

radius

A
  • “thumb side”
  • lateral in anatomical position
  • radial artery pulse
74
Q

ulna

A
  • “pinky side”
  • medial in anatomical position
  • elbow joint range of motion
75
Q

parts of the radius- proximal

A
  • head
  • neck
  • radial tuberosity (attachment side for biceps brachii)
76
Q

parts of the ulna- proximal

A

trochlear notch
- articulates with trochlea of humerus

radial notch
- articulates with head of radius
- forms proximal radio-ulnar joint

olecranon
- at limit of extension
- projects into olecranon fossa on posterior humerus

coronoid process
- at limit of extension
- projects into coronoid fossa on anterior humerus

77
Q
A

ANAT 315 (11 decks)

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