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1
Q

What are joints?

A

articulations; where 2 bones come together

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2
Q

What do joints do?

A

hold bones together securely; give the skeleton mobility

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3
Q

What is function?

A

amount of movement allowed by the joint; range of motion (ROM)

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4
Q

What is synarthroses?

A

immovable

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5
Q

What is amphiarthroses?

A

slightly movable

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6
Q

What is diarthroses?

A

freely movable

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7
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

bones held together by fibrous connective tissue

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8
Q

What are characteristics of fibrous joints?

A

lack a synovial cavity; most are synarthrotic; some are amphiarthrotic

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9
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

bone ends connected by cartilage; lack a synovial cavity

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10
Q

What are examples of cartilaginous joints?

A

pubic symphysis & intervertebral discs (amphiarthrotic); hyaline cartilage epiphyseal plates & joints between ribs and sternum (synarthrotic)

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11
Q

What are examples of fibrous joints?

A

sutures of the skull (synarthrotic); syndesmosis: the connecting fibers are longer than the sutures and have more “give” (amphiarthrotic)

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12
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid; all are diarthrotic

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13
Q

What are examples of synovial joints?

A

knee, shoulder, elbow, hip, fingers

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14
Q

What are features of synovial joints?

A

articular cartilage, articular capsule, joint cavity, & synovial fluid

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15
Q

What is the articular cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage covers the ends of bones forming the joint

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16
Q

What is the articular capsule?

A

capsule that surrounds the joint; lined with a smooth synovial membrane

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17
Q

What is the joint cavity?

A

space inside the capsule; contains lubricating synovial fluid

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18
Q

What is the synovial fluid?

A

clear fluid with a consistency of molasses; lubricates, distributes nutrients, & absorbs shock

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19
Q

What are cartilage & fat pads?

A

lie between opposing articular surfaces

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20
Q

What is a meniscus?

A

pad of cartilage between opposing bones with a synovial joint

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21
Q

What are fat pads?

A

masses of adipose tissue that protect the cartilage and act as packing material for the joint

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22
Q

What are reinforcing ligaments & tendons?

A

support, strengthen, & reinforce synovial joints

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23
Q

What is a bursa?

A

flattened sacs filled with synovial fluid; common where things rub together; they reduce friction & absorb shock

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24
Q

What is a tendon sheath?

A

an elongated/tubular bursa that wraps like a hot dog bun around a tendon that is subject to friction; where tendons cross bony surfaces

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25
Q

What are the types of synovial joints based on shape?

A

plane “gliding” joint, hinge joint, condyloid (ellipsoid) joint, saddle joint, pivot joint, & ball-and-socket joint

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26
Q

What are characteristics of plane “gliding” joints?

A

articular surface is basically flat; only short gliding movements allowed; nonaxial

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27
Q

What are examples of plane “gliding” joints?

A

intercarpal joints (wrist), SI joint, AC joint

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28
Q

What are characteristics of hinge joints?

A

rounded process of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface of another; movement in one plane is allowed (like a door hinge); uniaxial/monoaxial

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29
Q

What are examples of hinge joints?

A

elbow, knee, ankle, interphalangeal

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30
Q

What are characteristics of condyloid (ellipsoid) joints?

A

“knuckle-like” oval condyle of one bone fits into an oval depression of another; biaxial

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31
Q

What are examples of condyloid (ellipsoid) joints?

A

metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles)

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32
Q

What are characteristics of saddle joints?

A

articular surface is saddle-shaped; biaxial

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33
Q

What are examples of saddle joints?

A

carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

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34
Q

What are characteristics of pivot joints?

A

rounded end of one bone fits into a shallow depression of another; uniaxial/monoaxial

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35
Q

What are examples of pivot joints?

A

proximal radioulnar joint, the atlas/axis of spine

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36
Q

What are characteristics of ball-and-socket joints?

A

ball-shaped head of one bone fits into a cup-like depression of another; multiaxial; mostly diarthrotic

37
Q

What are examples of ball-and-socket joints?

A

shoulder & hip

38
Q

What are the types of ligaments of the knee?

A

cruciate ligaments, collateral ligaments, meniscus, & patellar ligament

39
Q

What are the cruciate ligaments?

A

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) & posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

40
Q

What are characteristics of cruciate ligaments?

A

found in the center of the knee joint; provide stability to the knee

41
Q

What are the collateral ligaments?

A

medial (tibial) collateral ligament (MCL) & lateral (fibular) collateral ligament (LCL)

42
Q

What does the MCL do?

A

attaches the femur to the tibia on the inner side of the knee

43
Q

What does the LCL do?

A

attaches the femur to the fibula on the outer side of the knee

44
Q

What is the meniscus?

A

medial & lateral meniscus; provide shock absorption within the knee joint

45
Q

What is the patellar ligament?

A

quadriceps tendon; attaches patella to tibia (inserts on tibial tuberosity)

46
Q

What is the terrible triad?

A

involves the ACL, MCL, & medial meniscus

47
Q

What are the ligaments of the ankle on the lateral side?

A

anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL), & calcaneofibular ligament (CFL)

48
Q

What are the ligaments of the ankle on the medial side?

A

deltoid ligaments

49
Q

What are the ligaments of the ankle attaching the tibia to the fibula?

A

anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament & posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament

50
Q

What are the ligaments of the shoulder?

A

acromioclavicular (AC) ligament, coracoclavicular ligaments (2), & coracoacromial ligament

51
Q

What is the AC ligament?

A

attaches acromion process to the clavicle

52
Q

What are the coracoclavicular ligaments?

A

attach coracoid process to the clavicle

53
Q

What is the coracoacromial ligament?

A

attaches coracoid process to acromion process

54
Q

What are the inflammatory disorders of joints?

A

bursitis, osgood-schlatter, arthritis, & gout

55
Q

What is bursitis?

A

inflammation of a bursa (synovial membrane); ex.= “water on the knee”

56
Q

What is osgood-schlatter?

A

inflammation at the point where patellar tendon attaches to tibial tuberosity

57
Q

What are characteristics of osgood-schlatter?

A

common in active adolescents who are still growing; repetitive stress from the patellar tendon pulling on the bone causes inflammation over the growth plate of the tibia

58
Q

What is arthritis?

A

inflammation of a joint

59
Q

What are characteristics of osteoarthritis?

A

most common form; affects the aged; caused by wear & tear; softening, fraying, & breakdown of articular cartilage; most affected are the fingers, cervical & lumbar joints, and knee & hip joints

60
Q

What are characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

chronic inflammatory disorder; autoimmune disease; articular cartilage is destroyed & scar tissue forms, ossifies, and connects the bone ends permanently & usually deformed

61
Q

What are characteristics of gout?

A

uric acid accumulates in the blood and can become deposited as needle-like crystals in the joint; if untreated, the bone ends may fuse and become immobile

62
Q

What are the 2 types of arthritis?

A

osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis

63
Q

What is the origin?

A

the stationary, or less movable, attachment of a muscle

64
Q

What is the insertion?

A

the movable attachment of a muscle

65
Q

When does movement occur?

A

when muscles contract across diarthrotic synovial joints

66
Q

What happens when a muscle contracts?

A

the insertion moves toward the origin

67
Q

What is a goniometer?

A

measures angles of joints/ROM

68
Q

What are the types of movements at joints?

A

flexion, extension, rotation, & circumduction

69
Q

What are the movements that occur only with the limbs?

A

abduction & adduction

70
Q

What are the movements that occur in the forearm?

A

pronation & supination

71
Q

What are the movements of the foot & ankle?

A

inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, & plantarflexion

72
Q

What is flexion?

A

movement that decreases the angle of a joint; brings 2 bones closer together; bending

73
Q

What is extension?

A

movement that increases the angle of a joint; increases the distance between 2 bones; straightening

74
Q

What is hyperextension?

A

when the angle between 2 joints is greater than 180°

75
Q

What is rotation?

A

movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis

76
Q

What is circumduction?

A

combination of flexion, extension, abduction, & adduction; ex.= arm circles

77
Q

What is abduction?

A

movement of a limb away from the midline; also includes fanning of the fingers/toes

78
Q

What is adduction?

A

movement of a limb toward the midline

79
Q

What is pronation?

A

movement of the palm of the hand from an upward-facing position to a downward-facing position

80
Q

What is supination?

A

movement of the palm from a downward-facing position to an upward-facing position

81
Q

What is inversion?

A

turning the sole of the foot inward

82
Q

What is eversion?

A

turning the sole of the foot outward

83
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

moving the toes toward the shin

84
Q

What is plantarflexion?

A

pointing toes

85
Q

What is protraction?

A

sticking out; protruding

86
Q

What is retraction?

A

drawing something back in

87
Q

What is elevation?

A

lifting up

88
Q

What is depression?

A

pressing down

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