chapter 1 Flashcards by Kennedy Johnson

What is anatomy?

the study of the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships

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What is physiology?

the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions

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What are the major organ systems?

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, lymphatic, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, & reproductive

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What is a function of the integumentary organ system?

helps regulate body temperature

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What is a function of the skeletal organ system?

stores calcium and other minerals

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What is a function of the muscular organ system?

provides movement

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What is a function of the nervous organ system?

coordinates activities of other organ systems

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What is a function of the endocrine organ system?

secretes hormones that direct changes in activities of other organ systems

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What is a function of the lymphatic organ system?

defends against infection and disease

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What is a function of the cardiovascular organ system?

distributes blood cells, water, nutrients, wastes, oxygen, & carbon dioxide

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What is a function of the respiratory organ system?

delivers air to alveoli

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What is a function of the digestive system?

processes and digests food

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What is a function of the urinary organ system?

excretes waste products from blood

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What is a function of the reproductive organ system?

sexual intercourse/reproduction

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What is an organ in the integumentary organ system?

skin

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What is an organ in the skeletal organ system?

bones

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What is an organ in the muscular organ system?

skeletal muscles

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What is an organ in the nervous organ system?

brain

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What is an organ in the endocrine organ system?

pituitary gland

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What is an organ in the lymphatic organ system?

spleen

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What is an organ in the cardiovascular organ system?

heart

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What is an organ in the respiratory organ system?

lungs

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What is an organ in the digestive organ system?

esophagus

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What is an organ in the urinary organ system?

kidneys

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What is an organ in the male reproductive organ system?

testes

What is an organ in the female reproductive organ system?

ovaries

What is anatomical position?

facing forward, feet parallel with toes facing forward, arms at sides with palms facing forward

What does superior mean?

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

What does inferior mean?

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

What does anterior mean?

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

What does posterior mean?

toward or at the backside of the body; behind

What does medial mean?

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

What does lateral mean?

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

What does proximal mean?

close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

What does distal mean?

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

What does superficial mean?

toward or at the body surface; external

What does deep mean?

away from the body surface; internal

What is the anterior trunk inferior to the ribs?

abdominal

What is the point of shoulder?

acromial

What is the anterior surface of elbow?

antecubital

What is the groin?

inguinal

What is the navel/belly button?

umbilical

What is the armpit?

axillary

What is the arm?

brachial

What is the cheek?

buccal

What is the wrist?

carpal

What is the neck?

cervical

What is the shin?

crural

What is the hip?

coxal

What are the fingers?

digital

What is the thigh?

femoral

What is the lateral lower leg?

fibular

What is the nose?

nasal

What is the mouth?

oral

What is the eye?

orbital

What is the anterior knee?

pateller

What is the pelvis region?

pelvic

What is the genital region?

pubic

What is the breastbone?

sternal

What is the ankle?

tarsal

What is the chest?

thoracic

What is the head?

cephalic

What is the curve of shoulder?

deltoid

What are the buttocks?

gluteal

What is the low back (between ribs and hips)?

lumbar

What is the posterior surface of head?

occipital

What is the posterior knee?

popliteal

What is the area between the hips?

sacral

What is the shoulder blade region?

scapular

What is the spine?

vertebral

What is the calf?

sural

What does sagittal mean?

cut lengthwise that divides into right and left parts

What does median/midsagittal mean?

equal right and left halves

What does frontal/coronal mean?

lengthwise cut that divides into anterior and posterior parts

What does transverse (cross-section) mean?

horizontal cut that divides into superior and inferior parts

What does the Cranial Cavity do?

surrounds the brain

What does the Spinal Cavity do?

surrounds the spinal cord

What does the Pleural Cavity do?

surrounds lungs

What does the Mediastinum do?

separates the pleural cavities; contains the trachea, esophagus, and major vessels

What does the Pericardial Cavity do?

surrounds heart

What does the Abdominal Cavity do?

contains digestive organs and glands

What does the Pelvic Cavity do?

contains bladder, reproductive organs, and last part of digestive tract

What does the diaphragm do?

separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

What are serous membranes?

watery layers that line the walls of cavities to reduce friction

What does the visceral layer do?

covers the outside surface of an organ

What does the parietal layer do?

lines the surface of the cavity

What are the abdominopelvic quadrants?

right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper quadrant, & left lower quadrant

What are the abdominopelvic regions?

umbilical, epigastric, hupogastric, right and left iliac/inguinal, right and left lumbar, & right and left hypochondriac

What is homeostasis?

maintaining a stable internal environment

What is the receptor?

a sensor that is sensitive to a particular environmental change or stimulus

What is the control center?

it receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands

What is the effector?

a cell or organ that responds to the commands and either opposes or enhances the stimulus

What information travels along the afferent pathway?

information sent from the receptor to the control center

What information travels along the efferent pathway?

information sent from the control center to the effector

What is the negative feedback mechanism?

responds to a stimulus by shutting it off or reducing its intensity; or reversed the changes in order to restore the body back to normal

What is the positive feedback mechanism?

responds to a stimulus by increasing its intensity or effect; occurs only in a dangerous situation

What is a state of equilibrium?

it exists when opposing processes or forces are in balance; the body always tries to maintain equilibrium because the failure to do so leads to disease and/or death

What is DSA?

complex computerized x-ray equipment, requires an injection of a special dye

What is a PET scan?

uses radioactive tracer, creates 3D pictures, can check brain functions, blood flow, and cancer

What is a CT scan?

series of x-ray images from different angles, cross sectional slices, used for quick trauma examinations

What is MRI?

uses magnetic field and radio waves, produces digital images, shows problems that cannot be seen on x-ray, ultrasound, or CT

What is ultrasound?

uses high frequency sound waves, can view organs, does not expose you to radiation

What is x-ray?

uses small dose of radiation, used to diagnose fractured bones and joint dislocation, more dense areas appear lighter

What does prone mean?

lying on stomach/facedown

What does supine mean?

lying on back/face up