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bones Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of bones?

A

support, protection, movement/leverage, storage, and blood cell formation

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2
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

red bone marrow

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3
Q

What is bone?

A

a supporting connective tissue; mostly composed of calcium phosphate salts and collagen fibers

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4
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

composed of compact bone and surrounds the marrow cavity

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5
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

membrane that covers and protects the diaphysis

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6
Q

What is the epiphyses?

A

composed of spongy bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone; found at the end of long bones and covered by articular cartilage

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7
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

glassy, hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphyses to provide a smooth, slippery surface at the joints

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8
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A

growth plate composed of hyaline cartilage in young bone that causes lengthwise growth of long bones and turns to bone after puberty

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9
Q

What are the functions of the periosteum?

A

isolates the bone from surrounding tissue, provides a route for blood vessels and nerves, & actively participates in bone growth and repair

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10
Q

What are Sharpey’s fibers?

A

perforating fibers; anchor tendons and ligaments to the periosteum of the bones & provides an extremely strong attachment

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11
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

layer that lines the medullary cavity

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12
Q

What are the functions of the endosteum?

A

active during bone growth, repair, and remodeling, covers the trabaculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surface of the central canals, & it is where osteoblasts can remove or deposit matrix

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13
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

central cavity/marrow cavity; it is where red and yellow bone marrow are stored

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14
Q

What is the trabeculae?

A

open network matrix with no capillaries

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15
Q

What is red marrow?

A

contains blood vessels; fills the spaces between the trabeculae

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16
Q

What is yellow marrow?

A

adipose (fat) tissue; an energy reserve

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17
Q

What are the functions of osteocytes?

A

secrete chemicals that dissolve the bony matrix causing minerals to be released into circulatory system & help repair damaged bone

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18
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

produce (build) new bone matrix by a process called osteogenesis

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19
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

remove and recycle (break down) bone matrix

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20
Q

What is the bone matrix?

A

non-living part of bone

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21
Q

What is the osteon (haversian) system?

A

osteocytes are arranged in concentric layers/circles (matrix) called lamellae (“little lakes”) around a central canal

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22
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

mature bone cells found in the lacunae

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23
Q

What are lacunae?

A

“little lakes”; cavities containing osteocytes

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24
Q

What are haversian (central) canals?

A

they run lengthwise through the center; carries blood vessels and nerves to all areas of the bone

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25
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

tiny canals that connect bone cells; transport nutrients

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26
Q

What are perforating (Volkmann’s) canals?

A

pathway from the outside of the bone to its interior canals (run at right angles)

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27
Q

What is interstitial lamellae?

A

remainders of broken down pieces of lamellae; not full concentric circles

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28
Q

What are characteristics of long bones?

A

long and slender, have a shaft with heads at both ends, & mostly composed of compact bone

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29
Q

What are characteristics of short bones?

A

generally cube-shaped & mostly spongy bone

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30
Q

What are characteristics of sesamoid bones?

A

they form with tendons, small and flat, & shaped like a sesame seed

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31
Q

What are characteristics of sutural bones?

A

small, flat, irregular shaped bones between the flat bones of the skull, their borders are like a jigsaw puzzle, & range in size from a grain of sand to a quarter

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32
Q

What are characteristics of flat bones?

A

thin, flattened, and usually curved, provide protection for underlying soft tissues, & provide surface area for the attachment of skeletal muscles

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33
Q

What are characteristics of irregular bones?

A

bones that do not fit into the other catergories

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34
Q

What are some examples of long bones?

A

all bones of the limbs except the wrist & ankle bones

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35
Q

What are some examples of short bones?

A

bones of the wrist and ankle

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36
Q

What are some examples of sesamoid bones?

A

patella

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37
Q

What are some examples of flat bones?

A

ribs, scapula, sternum, & some skull bones

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38
Q

What are some examples of irregular bones?

A

vertebrae, hip bones, mandible, maxilla, & some skull bones

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39
Q

When does the bony skeleton begin to form?

A

6 weeks after fertilization and is composed of hyaline cartilage

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40
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

gradually converts the cartilage to bone during development (lengthening of bone)

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41
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

increases bone diameter at the outer surface

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42
Q

What are some characteristics of appositional growth?

A

occurs continuously through life, this process forms the circular lamellae, bone matrix is being added to the outer surface by osteoblasts while osteoclasts are removing bone matrix from the inner surface

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43
Q

What is bone remodeling?

A

the process where the bone matrix is continually recycled and renewed

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44
Q

What are characteristics of bone remodeling?

A

normal bone maintenance, controlled by calcium levels in blood and stress placed on bones, goes on throughout life, osteocytes continually remove and replace the calcium salts, & osteoblasts continually create new osteons

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45
Q

What are the effects of exercise on the bone?

A

heavily stressed bones become thicker and stronger & the stresses applied to bones during physical activity are essential to maintaining bone strength and bone mass

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46
Q

What are the hormonal & nutritional effects on bone?

A

bones need calcium, phosphates, magnesium, fluoride, iron, and manganese for normal growth and repair

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47
Q

What is calcitrol?

A

a hormone made in the kidneys needed for normal calcium and phosphate ion absorption in the digestive tract

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48
Q

What is Vitamin D3 used for ?

A

needed to make calcitrol

49
Q

What do Vitamins A & C do?

A

stimulate osteoblast activity

50
Q

What is scurvy?

A

loss of bone mass and strength due to Vitamin C deficiency

51
Q

What is the function of Vitamins K & B12?

A

synthesis of proteins in normal bone

52
Q

What stimulates bone growth?

A

the growth hormone (pituitary gland) and thyroxine (thyroid)

53
Q

What is the function of sex hormones?

A

at puberty they stimulate osteoblasts to produce bone at a faster rate, narrowing the epiphyseal cartilage

54
Q

What controls the balance of calcium and phosphate levels in bodily fluids?

A

calcitonin (thyroid) and parathyroid hormone (parathyroid)

55
Q

What are some characteristics of calcium?

A

most abundant mineral in the body, accounts for 2-4 pounds of body weight, calcium ions are important in nerve and muscle cells especially the heart

56
Q

What will a 30% increase in calcium result in?

A

coma; nerve and muscle cells become unresponsive

57
Q

What will a 35% decrease in calcium result in?

A

nerves get so excitable that convulsions can occur

58
Q

What will a 50% decrease in calcium result in?

A

death

59
Q

What is the daily fluctuation of calcium ion concentration?

A

no more than 10%

60
Q

What do the parathyroid hormone and calcitonin do?

A

coordinate the storage, absorption, and excretion of calcium ions

61
Q

What occurs when calcium ions in blood are too low?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released by the parathyroid glands

62
Q

What are the effects of the release of PTH?

A

stimulates osteoclast activity, increases absorption of calcium ions by intestines, & decreases excretion of calcium ions by the kidneys

63
Q

What happens when calcium ions in blood are too high?

A

the thyroid gland releases calcitonin that inhibits osteoclast activity & increases excretion of calcium ions by the kidneys

64
Q

What is the UL (upper/lower) ratio at birth?

A

1.7 : 1

65
Q

What is the UL ratio by age 10?

A

1 : 1

66
Q

What happens during puberty?

A

the female pelvis broadens & entire male skeleton becomes more robust

67
Q

What starts happening between ages 30 and 40?

A

bones become thinner & weaker and osteoblast activity declines but osteoclast activity stays the same

68
Q

What percentage of skeletal mass do men and women lose each decade?

A

men: 3% women: 8%

69
Q

What areas lose the most mass?

A

epiphyses, vertebrae, and the jaws; results in fragile limbs, reduction in height, & loss of teeth

70
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

a bone-thinning disease affecting half of women over age 65

71
Q

What areas are most susceptible to osteoporosis?

A

spine and neck of femur; caused by decline in estrogen, diet poor in calcium & protein, lack of Vit D, smoking, and lack of exercise

72
Q

What is a fracture?

A

any crack or break in a bone caused by extreme loads, sudden impacts, or stresses from unusual directions

73
Q

What is a reduction?

A

to realign or “fix” the fracture

74
Q

What is open reduction?

A

surgical alignment

75
Q

What is closed reduction?

A

manipulation of bone to realign

76
Q

How are fractures named?

A

according to external appearance, location, and the nature of the crack or break

77
Q

What is a closed (simple) fracture?

A

no break in the skin

78
Q

What is an open (compound) fracture?

A

bone breaks through skin; possible infection and uncontrolled bleeding

79
Q

What is a displaced fracture?

A

bones out of alignment

80
Q

What is a nondisplaced fracture?

A

straight or normal alignment

81
Q

What is a compression (impacted) fracture?

A

occur in vertebrae

82
Q

What is a stress fracture?

A

bone becomes weak due to overuse; common in lower leg or foot

83
Q

What is a spiral fracture?

A

produced by twisting force

84
Q

What is an avulsion fracture?

A

occurs with extreme load from a tendon or ligament that forces a piece of bone to break off

85
Q

What is a committed fracture?

A

shattered

86
Q

What is a transverse fracture?

A

break at right angles to the long axis

87
Q

What is a colles fracture?

A

occurs at distal end of radius; caused by reaching out to break a fall/extension of wrist

88
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

one side of the bone is fractured and the other side is bent; incomplete fracture that usually occurs in children whose bones haven’t completely ossified

89
Q

What is an epiphyseal fracture?

A

occur where the matrix is undergoing calcification; if it occurs between the epiphysis and the epiphyseal cartilage; it can permanently stop growth

90
Q

What is a depressed fracture?

A

break in a cranial bone (“crushed” portion of skull) with depression of bone in toward brain

91
Q

What is a boxer’s fracture?

A

transverse fracture across the metacarpal neck; caused by striking an object with a closed fist; most common to pinky finger

92
Q

What are the steps to repair fractures?

A
  1. hematoma formation
  2. fibrocartilaginous callus formation
  3. bony callus formation
  4. bone remodeling
93
Q

What is a hematoma formation?

A

a large blood clot or hematoma develops to splint the area where bleeding occurs due to damaged blood vessels

94
Q

What is fibrocartilaginous callus formation?

A

fibroblasts produce collagen fibers bridging the broken ends of the bone

95
Q

What is bony callus formation?

A

external callus of bone forms around the fracture; osteoblasts start bridging the broken pieces together

96
Q

What is bone remodeling?

A

the area is reshaped, external stresses must be applied; can take 4-12 months to be completed

97
Q

What are the 2 types of bone markings?

A

projections/processes & depressions/cavities

98
Q

What are projections/processes?

A

grow out from bone surface; sites for muscle, tendon, and ligament attachment & some form joints

99
Q

What are depressions/cavities?

A

indentions in the bone; passageways for blood vessels, nerves, etc.

100
Q

What is a process?

A

any bone prominence

101
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A

large & rounded

102
Q

What is a tubercle?

A

small & rounded

103
Q

What is a trochanter?

A

very large, irregular process only found on femur

104
Q

What is a crest?

A

narrow, prominent ridge of bone

105
Q

What is an epicondyle?

A

raised area on or above a condyle

106
Q

What is a spine?

A

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

107
Q

What is a head?

A

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

108
Q

What is a facet?

A

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

109
Q

What is a condyle?

A

rounded articular projection

110
Q

What is a ramus?

A

arm-like bar of bone

111
Q

What is a canal?

A

tube-like channel; connects different regions of the body

112
Q

What is a meatus?

A

canal-like passageway

113
Q

What is a sinus?

A

air-filled cavity within a bone

114
Q

What is a fossa?

A

shallow depression; articular surface

115
Q

What is a groove (sulcus)?

A

furrow

116
Q

What is a fissure?

A

narrow, slit-like opening

117
Q

What is a foramen?

A

round/oval opening through a bone

118
Q

What is a notch?

A

indention on the edge of a bone

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