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OLD > axial skeleton part 1 > Flashcards

axial skeleton part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

80

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2
Q

What are the bones of the skull & face?

A

8 cranial, 14 facial, 6 auditory ossicles, and hyoid bone

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3
Q

What are the bones of the vertebral column?

A

24 vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx

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4
Q

What are the bones of the thoracic cage?

A

sternum & 24 ribs

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5
Q

What do the cranial bones do?

A

enclose & protect the brain

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6
Q

What are the cranial bones?

A

they are 8 flat bones: occipital, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, parietal (paired), and temporal (paired)

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7
Q

What is the cranial cavity?

A

fluid-filled chamber that cushions and supports the brain

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8
Q

What do facial bones do?

A

protect & support the entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts

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9
Q

What are sutures?

A

immovable joints between skull bones

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10
Q

What is the lambdoidal suture?

A

separates the occipital from the 2 parietal bones

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11
Q

What is the coronal suture?

A

separates the frontal from the parietal bones

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12
Q

What is the sagittal suture?

A

separates the 2 parietal bones and runs from the lambdoid to the coronal suture

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13
Q

What is the squamousal suture?

A

separates the temporal from the parietal bone on each side

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14
Q

What is the occipital bone?

A

forms the posterior & inferior surface of the cranium

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15
Q

What are the occipital condyles?

A

where the skull articulates with the 1st vertebrae

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16
Q

What are the inferior/superior nuchal lines?

A

ridges that are sites of muscle & ligament attachment that stabilize the head on the neck

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17
Q

What is the foramen magnum?

A

passage for the brain stem to connect to the spinal cord

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18
Q

What is the jugular foramen?

A

lies between the occipital & temporal bone; passage for internal jugular vein that carries venous blood from brain

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19
Q

What are the hypoglossal canals?

A

passage for cranial nerves that control the tongue

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20
Q

What are the parietal bones?

A

form part of the superior & lateral surfaces of cranium

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21
Q

What is the frontal bone?

A

forms anterior surface of cranium and the roof of the orbits (eye sockets)

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22
Q

What is the frontal squama?

A

“forehead”; provides attachment for muscles of face

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23
Q

What is the supra-orbital margin?

A

thickening of the frontal bone that helps protect the eye (eyebrows)

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24
Q

What is the supra-orbital foramen?

A

passage for blood vessels of the eyelids, eyebrows, and frontal sinuses

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25
Q

What are the temporal bones?

A

form part of lateral walls of zygomatic arches; form the only articulation with mandible; surround & protect organs of inner ear; attachment site for muscles that close jaw and move head

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26
Q

What is the zygomatic process?

A

where the temporal bone meets the zygomatic bone; helps form the zygomatic arch (cheekbone)

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27
Q

What is the mandibular fossa?

A

articulation with mandible

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28
Q

What is the mastoid process?

A

behind ear; attachment site for muscles that rotate or extend the head; has air cavities (mastoid sinuses)

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29
Q

What is the styloid process?

A

sharp, needle-like projection near the base of the mastoid process; attachment for ligaments that support the hyoid bone

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30
Q

What are the auditory ossicles?

A

located in the middle ear; 3 bones on each side that transfer sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to the inner ear

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31
Q

What is the carotid canal?

A

passage for internal carotid artery (major artery to brain)

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32
Q

What is the foramen lacerum?

A

passage for auditory tube that connects the pharynx (throat) to the tympanic cavity

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33
Q

What is the external acoustic meatus?

A

on the lateral surface; canal that leads to the eardrum/middle ear

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34
Q

What is the stylomastoid foramen?

A

posterior to the base of the styloid process; passage for facial nerve

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35
Q

What is the internal acoustic meatus?

A

carries blood vessels & nerves to the inner ear

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36
Q

What is the sphenoid bone?

A

forms part of the floor of cranium; acts to brace & strengthen the sides of the skull; bat/butterfly shape

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37
Q

What is the sella turcica?

A

“Turk’s Saddle”; pituitary gland sits here

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38
Q

What are the lesser wings?

A

anterior to sella turcica

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39
Q

What are the greater wings?

A

forms part of the cranial floor and part of posterior wall of orbit

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40
Q

What is the optic canal?

A

passage for the optic nerves from eyes to brain

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41
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

oval shape; passage of nerve to chewing muscles

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42
Q

What are the foramen rotundum & foramen spinosum?

A

penetrate the greater wing; passages for blood vessels & nerves to the eye, face, and jaw

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43
Q

What is the superior orbital fissure?

A

slit-like opening; nerves controlling eye movements

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44
Q

What is the ethmoid bone?

A

forms the anteromedial floor of cranium, roof of the nasal cavity, part of the nasal septum, and medial walls of orbits

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45
Q

What is the cribriform plate?

A

forms anteromedial floor of cranium and roof of nasal cavity

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46
Q

What are the olfactory foramina?

A

in the cribriform plate; small holes for passage of olfactory nerves (sense of smell) from nose to brain

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47
Q

What is the crista galli?

A

bony ridge that protects superior to the cribriform plate; the membrane that stabilizes the position of the brain attaches here

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48
Q

What are the superior & middle nasal chonchae?

A

projections that break up airflow in nasal cavity to help get rid of foreign particles, warm the air, and aid in smell; form lateral walls of nasal cavity

49
Q

What is the perpendicular plate?

A

forms part of the nasal septum

50
Q

How many facial bones are there?

A

14; 12 paired + mandible & vomer

51
Q

What is the maxilla?

A

2 bones; the upper jaw/upper lip; largest facial bone; supports upper teeth

52
Q

What is the alveolar processes/margin?

A

supports upper teeth

53
Q

What are the palatine processes?

A

form anterior part of the hard palate (roof of mouth)

54
Q

What is cleft palate?

A

results when the maxillae fail to meet along the midline of the hard palate

55
Q

What is the inferior orbital rim?

A

protects the eye

56
Q

What is the infra-orbital foramen?

A

located just below the orbit; path for a major sensory nerve

57
Q

What is the inferior orbital fissure?

A

between the maxilla and sphenoid; passage for cranial nerves and blood vessels

58
Q

What are the palatine bones?

A

2 bones; posterior portion of the hard palate and part of the floor of each orbit

59
Q

What are the nasal bones?

A

“bridge of nose”; small rectangular bones

60
Q

What is the vomer bone?

A

forms interior portion of bony nasal septum

61
Q

What are the inferior nasal chonchae?

A

thin, curved bones that project from the walls of the nasal cavity; create air turbulence and increase the surface area to promote warming & humidifying of air

62
Q

What are the zygomatic bones?

A

“cheekbones”; form part of the rim & lateral wall of the orbits

63
Q

What is the temporal process?

A

connects with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to make the zygomatic arch

64
Q

What are the lacrimal bones?

A

smallest facial bones; form the medial walls of the orbits; has groove & fossa for passageway for tears

65
Q

What is the mandible?

A

“lower jaw”; largest/strongest facial bone that connects with temporal bone at the mandibular fossa; forms the only freely movable joint of skull

66
Q

What is the body of the mandible?

A

horizontal portion

67
Q

What is the alveolar process?

A

supports lower teeth

68
Q

What is the mental protuberance?

A

“chin”

69
Q

What is the ramus?

A

ascending part of mandible

70
Q

What is the condylar process?

A

articulates with temporal bone at temporomandibular joint

71
Q

What is the coronoid process?

A

insertion point for temporalis muscle (closes the jaw)

72
Q

What is the mandibular notch?

A

depression that separates the condylar and coronoid processes

73
Q

What are the mental foramina?

A

opening for sensory nerves of lips & chin

74
Q

What is the mandibular foramen/canal?

A

passage for nerves/blood vessels of lower teeth

75
Q

What is temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome?

A

mandible is pulled slightly out of alignment causing muscle spasms & pain

76
Q

What is the hyoid bone?

A

horse-shoe shaped; supports the larynx

77
Q

What is the only bone in the body that does not articulate directly with any other bone?

A

the hyoid bone

78
Q

What are characteristics of the hyoid bone?

A

attachment point for muscles that raise and lower the larynx when we swallow & speak; stylohyoid ligaments connect the lesser horns with styloid processes of temporal bones and create a “swing” for the larynx

79
Q

What is the body of the hyoid bone?

A

muscles attach for larynx, pharynx, and tongue

80
Q

What are the greater horns?

A

muscles attach for tongue movement

81
Q

What is the orbital complex?

A

eye socket

82
Q

What bone makes up the roof of the orbital complex?

A

frontal bone

83
Q

What bone makes up most of the floor of the orbital complex?

A

maxilla

84
Q

Which bones make up the medial wall & rim of the orbital complex?

A

maxilla, lacrimal, and ethmoid

85
Q

Which bones make up the lateral wall & rim of the orbital complex?

A

zygomatic, sphenoid, and maxilla

86
Q

What is the nasal complex/cavity?

A

encloses the nasal cavities & paranasal sinuses

87
Q

Which bones make up the superior wall of the nasal complex?

A

frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid

88
Q

Which bones make up the lateral walls of the nasal complex?

A

maxilla, lacrimal, and ethmoid (nasal chonchae)

89
Q

Which bones make up the bridge of nose of the nasal complex?

A

maxilla & nasal bones

90
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

air-filled chambers that surround nasal cavity & drain into the nasal passages

91
Q

What are characteristics of the paranasal sinuses?

A

make bone much lighter, lined with mucus that moistens & cleans the air

92
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

inflammation of the sinuses

93
Q

Where is the frontal sinus?

A

just above eyebrows; flush nasal cavities

94
Q

Where is the ethmoid sinus?

A

between eyes

95
Q

Where is the sphenoid sinus?

A

lies posterior to ethmoid sinus; help clean nasal cavities

96
Q

Where is the maxillary sinus?

A

side of nose just superior to maxilla; largest

97
Q

What are features of the fetal & infant skull?

A

face is very small compared to the cranium, skull is large compared to the infant’s body length, 1/4 as long as the entire body (adults=1/8), at birth the skull is unfinished- areas of cartilage still not ossified

98
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

fibrous tissue “soft spots” in skull of infants

99
Q

What is the purpose of fontanelles?

A

allow for head to be distorted during birth, allow for brain growth- most significant growth occurs before age 5 at which point brain stops growing and the sutures develop, and they can’t be felt after 22-24 months of age

100
Q

What is the anterior fontanel?

A

largest; top/front of head; babies pulse can be seen through this soft spot; stays until about age 2

101
Q

Where is the occipital fontanel?

A

back of head

102
Q

Where is the sphenoidal fontanelle?

A

near the temple

103
Q

Where is the mastoid fontanelle?

A

behind the ear

104
Q

When do the occipital, sphenoidal, and mastoid fontanelles disappear?

A

1-2 months after birth

105
Q

What are the parts of the occipital bone?

A

occipital condyles, inferior/superior nuchal lines, foramen magnum, jugular foramen, & hypoglossal canals

106
Q

What are the parts of the parietal bones?

A

none

107
Q

What are the parts of the frontal bone?

A

frontal squama, supra-orbital margin, & supra-orbital foramen

108
Q

What are the parts of the temporal bones?

A

zygomatic process, mandibular fossa, mastoid process, styloid process, auditory ossicles, carotid canal, foramen lacerum, external acoustic meatus, stylomastoid foramen, & internal acoustic meatus

109
Q

What are the parts of the sphenoid bone?

A

sella turcica, lesser wings, greater wings, optic canal, foramen ovale, foramen rotundum, foramen spinosum, & superior orbital fissure

110
Q

What are the parts of the ethmoid bone?

A

cribriform plate, crista galli, olfactory foramina, superior and middle nasal chonchae, & perpendicular plate

111
Q

What are the parts of the maxillae?

A

alveolar processes/margin, palatine processes, inferior orbital rim, infra-orbital foramen, & inferior orbital fissure

112
Q

What are the parts of the palatine bones?

A

none

113
Q

What are the parts of the nasal bones?

A

none

114
Q

What are the parts of the vomer bone?

A

none

115
Q

What are the parts of the inferior nasal chonchae?

A

none

116
Q

What are the parts of the zygomatic bones?

A

temporal process

117
Q

What are the parts of the lacrimal bones?

A

lacrimal groove & lacrimal fossa

118
Q

What are the parts of the mandible?

A

body, alveolar process, mental protuberance, ramus, condylar process, coronoid process, mandibular notch, mental foramina, & mandibular foramen/canal

119
Q

What are the parts of the hyoid bone?

A

body & greater horns

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