Jaw + jaw & tongue muscles + ultrasound

Question 1

Main 2 parts of the jaw

Answer 1

Upper jaw - maxilla
Lower jaw - mandible

Question 2

The ______ is a larger bone fused together by two separate bones

Answer 2

mandible

Question 3

Name the landmarks of the mandible (~6)

Answer 3

1. Body
2. Ramus
3. Angle
4. Condyle process
5. Coronoid process
6. Mandibular notch

Question 4

The structure that marks the connection point between the body of the mandible and the ramus is _____

Answer 4

angle

Question 5

Location of the mandibular notch

Answer 5

the ‘depression’ between the condyle and coronoid processes

Question 6

the condyle and the coronoid processes are two _____ at the TOP of the _______

1. depressions; angle
2. protrusions; angle
3. depressions; ramus
4. protrusions; ramus

Answer 6

4. protrusions; ramus

Question 7

The condylar process is located at the anterior/posterior of the ramus and the coronoid process is located at the anterior/posterior

Answer 7

posterior; anterior

Question 8

the triangle-shaped projection on the ANterior part of the mandible’s midline is called the ______________

Answer 8

mental protuberance

Question 9

Mental spines (superior and inferior) : location and function - genie in a bottle

Answer 9

Location : midline of the LINGUAL (inner) surface of mandible, specifically on mandibular symphysis
Function : 2 pairs
- Superior : serve as origin for the genioglossus muscles
- Inferior : serve as origin for geniohyoid muscle

Question 10

Two parts that consist of the mandibular joint + what is used for its smooth movement

Answer 10

1. Condyle process + mandibular fossa (temp bone)
2. Cushion from a fibrous articulator disk

Question 11

Mandibular foramen : location and structure

Answer 11

1. Location : on INTERNAL surface of ramus of the mandible
2. Structure : opening that serves as the entry point for the inferior alveolar nerve and vessels

Question 12

Mental foramen : location and structure (think menton)

Answer 12

Location : on external surface of mandible, near APEX of the mandibular premolar teeth
Structure : small opening allowing the passage of the mental nerve and blood vessels

Question 13

What structure is located on the opposite side of the mental protuberance?
A The mental spines
B The mylohyoid lines
C The mental syphysis
D Coronoid process

Answer 13

A The mental spines

Question 14

The jaw muscles are divided into ______ (lift) and ________ (low)

Answer 14

1. Elevators
2. Depressors

Question 15

Masseter muscle : function, origin & insertion (+ parts)

Answer 15

Function : LIFTS mandible (to close jaw)
Origin : Zygomatic arch
Insertion : Ramus & angle of mandible
- deep head + shallow head

Question 16

Where is the shallow head of the masseter muscle in comparison to the deep

Answer 16

shallow head is more lowered and on the cheekbone

Question 17

Which of the jaw muscles in the strongest muscle in the cranial part?

Answer 17

deep head of the masseter muscle

Question 18

Temporal fossa : structure (+ where it is) + function

Answer 18

Structure : shallow depression on the lateral side of the skull
Function : serves as origin for temporalis muscle

Question 19

The temporal fossa intersects through bony boundaries with WHICH bones?

Answer 19

1. Frontal bone
2. Parietal bone
3. Temporal bone
4. Sphenoid bone

Question 20

Temporalis muscle : structure (think of a shell), origin, insertion and function

Answer 20

Structure : fan-like shape allowing for a wide range of jaw movements
Origin : temporal fossa
Insertion : coronoid process of the mandible
Function : elevates (vertical fibers) & retracts (horizontal fibers) the mandible

Question 21

Name the two pterygoid muscles

Answer 21

Medial and lateral pterygoid

Question 22

Medial pterygoid : origin, insertion, function

Answer 22

Origin : sphenoid bone, palatine bone and maxilla
Insertion : inner surface of the mandible
Function : elevates the mandible (similar to masseter)

Question 23

LATeral pterygoid : origin, insertion, function

Answer 23

Origin : sphenoid bone and maxilla
Insertion : TMJ and condyle of the mandible
Function : controls side to side movement of the jaw + helps in protruding of the jaw

Question 24

Jaw Depressor muscles (3)

Answer 24

1. Anterior belly of digastric muscle
2. Mylohyoid
3. Geniohyoid

Question 25

Function of jaw depressor muscles (3)

Answer 25

1. Responsible for lowering the mandible 2. Stabilize the hyoid bone 3. Assist in tongue movement

Question 26

Major extrinsic tongue muscles (4 - all end in glossus)

Answer 26

1. Genioglossus 2. Palatoglossus 3. Hyoglossus 4. Styloglossus

Question 27

Genioglossus : origin, insertion, actions and sections (and their functions)

Answer 27

Origin : mental spine of mandible Insertion : throughout tongue - tongue to root Actions : protracts, depressions + can groove tongue Sections : - anterior - lowers + retracts tongue front - middle - lowers + pull forward tongue body (makes groove) - posterior : pulls tongue ROOT forward

Question 28

Palatoglossus : origin, insertion, actions (think uvula too)

Answer 28

Origin : palatine aponeurosis Insertion : sides of tongue body Actions : elevates tongue, assists in uvular constrictions, narrows OPI

Question 29

Hyoglossus : origin, insertion & actions

Answer 29

Origin : greater horn of hyoid bone Insertion : sides of tongue Actions : pulls tongue down + back, ESPECIALLY back of tongue

Question 30

Styloglossus : origins, insertion & actions

Answer 30

Origin : styloid process of temporal bone Insertion : sides of tongue, interlocking with intrinsic tongue muscles Actions : traditionally thought to raise + retract the tongue

Question 31

Difference in sound frequencies from infrasound, audible sound, ultrasound and HYPERsound

Answer 31

Infra : below 20hz Audible : 20-20k hz Ultrasound : 20k ~ 100M hz Hypersound : above ultra

Question 32

For ultrasounds, what specific element is used to generate sound waves (think Pfiser) + what is the range (think 2.0)

Answer 32

piezoelectric crystals 2-18M hz

Question 33

Piezoelectric crystals

Answer 33

materials that can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy + vice versa

Question 34

Explain the transmission of ultraound sound save orbes

Answer 34

Through the probe, seeing how sound interacts with the body due to different densities and compositions

Question 35

Much of transmitted waves, at the boundary of two mediums, will _____ ______, also knows as _________

Answer 35

bounce back; reflection

Question 36

In ultrasound, what does the amplitude of a sound wave from a transducer show?

Answer 36

the time it takes for echoes to return to transducer + their strength --> distances + characs of the tissues encountered

Question 37

How to : create an image for an ultrasound?

Answer 37

Ultrasound machine processes echoes received by transducer to generate images, which are based on the distance & strength of the reflected waves

Question 38

5 general uses of ultrasound for speech

Answer 38

1. For tongue TIP movement 2. Tongue advancement/retraction in vowels] 3. Tongue shape in bunched vs retroflexed [r's] 4. Tongue shapes/fronting/retraction in vowels 5. Some use for VELUM movement