Speech Chain + Anatomical Planes Flashcards
Sound is a _______ based sensation
movement
The format that sound as a vibration travels through (__form)
waveform
What is sound?
- Result of vibrations, systemic oscillations
What is the general process of sound
- Vibration
- Wave creation
- Transmission
- Interpretation
Briefly explain rarifaction and compression
Rarifaction is the bottom of the waveform but compression is at the top (lots of particles together vs less particles together)
An example of a sound without vibration is a :
- Hummingbird flapping its wing
- The aerodynamic sound of a guitar’s strings
- None because it doesnt exist
- None because it doesnt exist
The speech chain refers to _____ in speech ____
events; production
What is a feed forward model
Refers to the model about the events about speech production that happen linearly
A feed forward model is _______, a feedback model is _______
- Multidirectional; Unidirectional
- Unidirectional; Multidirectional
- Unidirectional; Multidirectional
Explain the general events/steps seen in the feed forward model :
- Language encoding
- Motor programming
- Motor execution
- Speech
- Sensory processing (not actually about speech)
- Speech perception
- Language decoding
- Communicative intentions
For the feedforward model, which aspects are about the speaker and which are about the hearer
Speaker :
1. Language encoding
2. Motor programming
3. Motor execution
Hearer
1. Sensory processing
2. Speech perception
3. Language decoding
What are the two MAIN steps in the feed-forward model
1st step : Thought to acoustics
2nd step : Acoustics to thought
What is one of the main issues of the feed-forward model
It doesn’t account for the real time corrections/adaptations that we make in conversations
What is the main difference between the feed-forward model and the feed-back model
the feedback model is more complex and is multidirectional, it explains the interconnections between senses (linguistic rep with somatosensory response + hearing)
T/F : when we create the [v], this is an example of airflow moving externally
T : we can feel the airflow created from our facial movements
Haptic feedback
The combo of tactile and proprioception to help improve speech intelligibility
What is the relationship between sound and vibration?
◦
A. Sound occurs independently of vibration.
◦
B. Sound is the result of vibrations.
◦
C. Vibration is a result of sound.
◦
D. They are unrelated
B. Sound is the result of vibrations.
Which anatomical plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts?
◦
A. Sagittal
◦
B. Coronal
◦
C. Transverse
C. Transverse
Which term refers to the position farther from the origin/attachment?
◦
A. Proximal
◦
B. Distal
◦
C. Medial
◦
D. Lateral
B. Distal
A person is speaking, and you notice they are having trouble coordinating their tongue movements. Which aspect of the speech chain is most likely affected, and which anatomical field studies this?
◦
A. Auditory perception, studied by acoustic phonetics.
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B. Articulation, studied by articulatory phonetics.
◦
C. Sound wave propagation, studied by auditory phonetics.
◦
D. Feedback mechanisms, studied by neuroscience
B. Articulation, studied by articulatory phonetics.
A doctor needs to view a patient’s lungs and heart from the front and back. Which anatomical plane would provide the best view for this?
◦
A. Sagittal
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B. Coronal
◦
C. Transverse
◦
D. Midsagittal
B. Coronal
A weightlifter is doing bicep curls. Which type of muscle is primarily being used, and what is a key characteristic of these muscles?
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A. Striated muscles, which are moved voluntarily.
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B. Smooth muscles, which contract involuntarily.
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C. Ligaments, which connect bone to bone.
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D. Tendons, which connect muscles to bones
A. Striated muscles, which are moved voluntarily.
When a singer hits a high note, what is physically happening in their vocal tract, and which articulatory feature is most relevant?
◦
A. Increased airflow, relevant to aspiration.
◦
B. Increased frequency of vocal fold vibration, relevant to pitch.
◦
C. Increased nasal resonance, relevant to nasality.
◦
D. Changes in tongue position, relevant to vowel articulation.
B. Increased frequency of vocal fold vibration, relevant to pitch.
Tactile refers to ___
touch
What sensations does ‘somatosensory’ entail (~5)
Touch, pressure, temperature, pain and proprioception
A person is cooking and accidentally touches a hot pan. They immediately pull their hand away. Which of the following best describes the response in this scenario and what is the nature of that feedback?
A. Aerotactile, which is triggered by a change in airflow. B. Proprioceptive, which is a reaction to a change in body position.
C. Vibrotactile, which is a reaction to vibrations through touch.
D. Somatosensory, which is a reaction to the sensation of heat and pain, leading to a deliberate action.
D. Somatosensory, which is a reaction to the sensation of heat and pain, leading to a deliberate action.
T/F : proprioception allows you to walk without looking at your feet
T
T/F : Proprioception allows you to chew food without watching your mouth
T
Which one is an example of a vibrotactile experience?
- Hearing a loud screaming noise from a speaker
- Sensing rapid rattling of your phone when it receives a notification
- Feeling the warmth of the sun on your skin.
- Smelling a flower in your garden.
- Sensing rapid rattling of your phone when it receives a notification
Name the three branches of phonetics
- Articulatory
- Acoustic
- Auditory
Which structures provide the airstream that are used to produce the sound [s]
- Lungs
- Ribcage
- Diaphragm
Which structures in vocal tract vibrate to produce sound?
- Lungs
- Ribcage
- Vocal folds
- Diaphragm
- Larynx
- Vocal folds
- Larynx
Vowels are characterized by :
- height
- tongue backness
- lip rounding
Consonants - how are they produced
- Place of articulation
- Manners of articulation
- Voicing
Features in articulation
- Nasality - air passing through nose
- Aspiration - burst of air following Cs
- Voicing - vibration in vocal cords
- Pitch - frequency of sound wave
Name the tools useful in articulatory phonetics (8)
- Electroencephalography (EEG)
- MRI - MRI, fMRI, rtMRI
- X-ray
- Ultrasound
- Endoscopy
- Electropalatography (EPG)
- Electroglottography (EGG)
- Electromyography (EMG)
A researcher is using different tools to study speech production. They need to capture the precise movements of the tongue during rapid speech. Which of the following best describes what they need to prioritize in their choice of technology, and why?
*
A. A tool with high spatial resolution, such as MRI, because it provides detailed images of the vocal tract, capturing the exact position of the tongue.
*
B. A tool with high temporal resolution, such as EEG, because it can capture the rapid changes in brain activity related to tongue movements over very short time intervals.
*
C. A tool with both high temporal and spatial resolution, such as fMRI, because it offers both detailed anatomical images and rapid measurements.
*
D. A tool with low temporal resolution and low spatial resolution because it is less invasive and more accessible than other tools.
B. A tool with high temporal resolution, such as EEG, because it can capture the rapid changes in brain activity related to tongue movements over very short time intervals.
Name the three broad anatomical planes
- Sagittal
- Coronal
- Transverse
A radiologist needs to examine a patient’s spine, and wants to view it from the side, clearly showing the vertebral column and spinal cord. Which anatomical plane would provide the best view for this, and what are its axes?
*
A. Coronal plane, with vertical and side-to-side axes.
*
B. Transverse plane, with side-to-side and anterior-posterior axes.
*
C. Sagittal plane, with vertical and anterior-posterior axes.
*
D. Midsagittal plane, with vertical and side-to-side axes.
C. Sagittal plane, with vertical and anterior-posterior axes.
A physical therapist is assessing a patient’s range of motion in their shoulder. They need to see the anterior (front) and posterior (back) aspects of the shoulder joint at the same time. Which anatomical plane should they mentally visualize for this assessment, and what are its axes?
*
A. Sagittal plane, with vertical and anterior-posterior axes.
*
B. Transverse plane, with side-to-side and anterior-posterior axes.
*
C. Coronal plane, with vertical and side-to-side axes.
*
D. Midsagittal plane, with vertical and side-to-side axes.
C. Coronal plane, with vertical and side-to-side axes
A medical illustrator is creating a diagram that shows the brain from the top view, with both hemispheres visible. Which anatomical plane is being depicted, and what are its axes?
*
A. Sagittal plane, with vertical and anterior-posterior axes.
*
B. Coronal plane, with vertical and side-to-side axes.
*
C. Transverse plane, with side-to-side and anterior-posterior axes.
*
D. Midsagittal plane, with vertical and side-to-side axes.
C. Transverse plane, with side-to-side and anterior-posterior axes.
Name the plane that cuts body with vertical, anterior-posterior AXES
Sagittal plane
T/F : The sagittal plane cuts the body into superior and inferior parts
F - left and right parts
T/F : A plane that cuts 50/50 vertically across the body is called a midisagittal plane
F : MIDsagittal
The plane with a side-to-side and vertical axes which cuts the front from the back
the coronal/frontal plane
The plane with a side-to-side and anterior-posterior axe
Transverse
T/F : A transverse plane view of a patient’s torso, taken at the level of the waist, would show the kidneys at the same superior-inferior level, but might not capture the full anterior-posterior extent of either kidney.
True
The plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts
- Sagittal
- Coronal
- Transverse
- Coronal
T/F : the coronal plane has the anatomical directions, inferior and dorsal
F - anterior/ventral, posterior/dorsal
Medial vs lateral anatomical direction
Medial = towards the MIDline of body
Lateral = away from midline
T/F : In the human leg, the knee is distal to the hip, and the ankle is proximal to the knee.
False
Cranial vs caudal
Cranial - closer to head
Caudal - closer to feet
A chef accidentally cuts their finger while chopping vegetables. The cut is bleeding, and the wound appears to be affecting the skin and some of the fatty tissue beneath the skin, but no muscles or bones are exposed. Which of the following best describes the depth of the injury?
*
A. The cut is affecting only deep structures of the finger.
*
B. The cut is affecting only superficial structures of the finger.
*
C. The cut is affecting both superficial and deep structures of the finger.
*
D. The cut is affecting neither superficial nor deep structures of the finger, because the injury is external to the body.
B. The cut is affecting only superficial structures of the finger.
You are comparing two anatomical landmarks. You want to determine which of the is medial in relation to the other. Which anatomical plane would allow you to investigate this?
A. sagittal
B. transverse
C. coronal
A. sagittal
Which anatomical term refers to the position closer to the head compared to another part of the body?
A. inferior
B. superior
C. distal
D. proximal
B. superior
T/F :The posterior crico arytenoid muscle is an example of a hard structure in the body helping in the muscle process
F : muscles are SOFT materials in the body
Name the general hard parts in body (2)
- Bones
- Cartilage
Name the general soft parts in body (2)
- Muscles
- Tendons
- Ligaments
T/F : both the Central tendons and smaller ligaments can connect MUSCLE to BONE
F : tendons - muscle to bone but ligaments connect bone to bone
A patient is experiencing difficulty with both voluntary movements and certain involuntary bodily functions. After a series of tests, it is determined that there is a dysfunction in the patient’s muscular system affecting both types of muscle. Which of the following scenarios best represents the dual impact of this condition?
*
A. The patient has difficulty walking and experiences decreased blood flow due to compromised muscular control in the legs and blood vessels, respectively.
*
B. The patient has difficulty controlling their facial expressions and experiences an inability to digest food properly due to compromised muscle control in the face and digestive tract, respectively.
*
C. The patient has difficulty with both precise hand movements and maintaining a regular heart rate due to compromised muscular control in the hands and the cardiac muscle.
*
D. The patient has difficulty lifting objects with their arms and also has difficulty controlling their breathing due to compromised muscular control in the arms and respiratory system.
Explanation:
*
The correct answer is B. The patient has difficulty controlling their facial expressions and experiences an inability to digest food properly due to compromised muscle control in the face and digestive tract, respectively.
B. The patient has difficulty controlling their facial expressions and experiences an inability to digest food properly due to compromised muscle control in the face and digestive tract, respectively.
Main difference between striaded vs smooth muscles
Striaded - voluntary
Smooth - involuntary
Different kinds of sounds can generate different types of signals that can provided different types of feedback. How might tactile and proprioceptive feedback work together during speech?
A. By analyzing airflow patterns to determine pitch.
B. By visually tracking the movements of articulators, like velum.
C. By measuring sound intensity through vibrations in sounds like, vowels.
D. By detecting specific locations of muscle tension and airflow, in sounds like voiced fricatives.
D. By detecting specific locations of muscle tension and airflow, in sounds like voiced fricatives.
Compared to the [s] sound, the production of [ʃ] often involves forming a groove in the middle of the tongue, with the sides raised, in many languages (i.e., the middle of the tongue is lowered while the sides are elevated). A linguist is studying whether the size of this groove varies depending on the number of fricatives in a language’s consonant inventory. Which imaging characteristics would be most useful for this investigation?
A. Midsagittal plane
B. Coronal plane
C. Transverse plane
D. Parasagittal plane
B. Coronal plane
While speaking, John suddenly realized that he mispronounced a phoneme. At the same time, he also notice a sign of surprise in the face of his interlocutor. He paused and corrected the pronunciation by saying the word again. What type of feedback most likely helped John identify the error?
A. Auditory feedback from his own voice and hearing system.
B. Aerotactile feedback from his lungs.
C. Auditory feedback from his interlocutor.
D. Proprioception feedback from his skull.
B. Auditory feedback from his own voice and hearing system.
T/F : An ultrasound slice of the tongue that shows its length from the tip to the root is likely taken in the sagittal plane.
True
T/F : A deck of midsagittal slices of the tongue, taken over time, will allow you to observe whether the sides of your tongue are moving symmetrically during speech.
FALSE
T/F : The sense of proprioception, which provides information about body position and movement, is considered a type of haptic feedback.
True
T/F : Consider the following illustration. John makes the following observation based on the slice:
“It is a midsagittal slice and it will allow us to compare whether an anatomical structure of located anterior to another structure.”
False
