Larynx Anatomy + EGG

Question 1

Larynx : Name the structures top to bottom from the anterior view

Answer 1

1. Epiglottis
2. Hyoid bone
3. Membrane
4. Thyroid cartilage
5. Cricoid cartilage
6. Trachea

Question 2

Larynx : Name the below half structures top to bottom from the posterior view

Answer 2

1. Arytenoid cartilage (horns)
2. Cricoid cartilage
3. Trachea

Question 3

Cricoid cartilage - what, where, function

Answer 3

1. Shaped like a signet ring
2. Forms base of cartilage
3. broader part faces backward –> better foundation for other structures

Question 4

From an anterior view, where is the muscular process and the vocal process

Answer 4

1. Muscle process - outer corners of the arytenoid
2. Vocal process - at the inner corner of arytenoid cart.

Question 5

Function of the vocal process

Answer 5

attach to arytenoid, serve as the attachments for vocal folds

Question 6

Thryoid cartilage - what, where, function

Answer 6

1. Made up of fused plates (bigger one for men = Adam’s apple)
2. Structure allows for the attachment and movement of vocal ligaments and muscles

Question 7

Which structure is known as ‘the shield’

Answer 7

thyroid cartilage

Question 8

In the thyroid cartilage (in the middle), there are 3 attachments - name what they are, top to bottom

Answer 8

1. Top = attachment of epiglottis
2. FALSE vocal cord attachment
3. REAL vocal cord attachment

Question 9

Arytenoid cartilage - what, where, function

Answer 9

1. Pyramid shaped structures
2. They pivot and slide on the cricoid cartilage
3. Structures needed for vocal fold TENSION and POSITION
   - movement adjusts pitch + phonation

Question 10

Which structures has the function where their movement adjusts the pitch and the quality of phonation

Answer 10

The arytenoid cartilages

Question 11

Which of the following statements BEST describes the primary function of the epiglottis?

a) To adjust the tension of the vocal folds for pitch control.
b) To facilitate the movement of the arytenoid cartilages during phonation.
c) To prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea during swallowing.
d) To contribute to the resonance of vocal sounds during speech.

Answer 11

c) To prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea during swallowing.

Question 12

The epiglottis is directly attached to which of the following structures?

a) The cricoid cartilage
b) The arytenoid cartilages
c) The internal surface of the thyroid cartilage
d) The root of the tongue only

Answer 12

c) The internal surface of the thyroid cartilage

Question 13

T/F : the epiglottis acts as the only preventative structure for food and liquids entering the airway structures

Answer 13

F - the vocal folds also act as a structure of prevention

Question 14

The epiglottis is located in the ____, above the ____ and behind the _____

1. tongue; larynx; throat
2. throat; tongue; larynx
3. larynx; throat; tongue
4. throat; larynx; tongue

Answer 14

4. throat; larynx; tongue

Question 15

T/F : the epiglottis when it is open blocks the food and liquid from entering the airway because it attaches to the trachea

Answer 15

F - open –> food + liquid go down esophagus

Question 16

Function of the epiglottis for SPEECH and how

Answer 16

Influences the quality of the voice due to various positionings that affect RESONANCE

Question 17

Where are the cuneiform and corniculate cartilages + their function

Answer 17

1. On top of each arytenoid
2. Adds structure to the aryepiglottic folds and add integrity and function of the UPPER laryngeal area

Question 18

Which structure maintains integrity and function of the UPPER laryngeal area

Answer 18

Corniculate cartilages

Question 19

The superior horns of the thyroid cartilage are attached to….
A) Thyroid lamina
B) Cricoid cartilage
C) Arytenoid cartilages
D) Epiglottis

Answer 19

B) Cricoid cartilage

Question 20

The epiglottis plays a crucial role in preventing food from entering the trachea by acting as a:
A) Structural support for the vocal folds
B) Movable flap that covers the glottis during swallowing
C) Pivot point for arytenoid cartilage movement
D) Source of tension for vocal fold adjustment

Answer 20

B) Movable flap that covers the glottis during swallowing

Question 21

The PCA adduct/abduct the vocal folds by sliding/pivoting the arytenoid cartilages, and are essential/non-essential for opening/closing the glottis

Answer 21

abduct; pivoting; essential; opening

Question 22

Where are the PCA muscles located?

Answer 22

At the posterior view of the larynx, attached to the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages

Question 23

T/F : the PCA is involved in the vocal process and responsible for breathing and voice modulation

Answer 23

F - it is involved in the muscular process + responsible for breathing + voice modulation

Question 24

T/F : both the PCA and LCA are important muscles in the vocal process and equally contribute to the phonation process in the larynx

Answer 24

F - only the LCA contributes to phonation (and they are both the muscular process)

Question 25

How do the LCA muscles adduct the vocal folds?

Answer 25

by rotating the arytenoid cartilages INWARD which creates the compression for phonation

Question 27

The interarytenoid is comprised of what components (think T. O) and what do they facilitate

Answer 27

1. Transverse + oblique 2. Complete vocal fold CLOSURE

Question 28

T/F : both the LCA and the IA muscles hold responsibilities for phonation

Answer 28

T - they work together

Question 29

Which muscle has a 'criss cross' shape to it

Answer 29

the oblique arytenoid

Question 30

Which muscle is attached and inferior to the oblique arytenoid muscle (think IA muscles)

Answer 30

the tranverse arytenoid

Question 31

T/F : Aryepiglottic muscles are extensions of the IA muscles that connect to the epiglottis which create folds

Answer 31

T

Question 32

The aryepiglottic folds are formed by extensions of the interarytenoid muscles and connective tissue, connecting the arytenoid cartilages to the epiglottis. What is the MOST significant functional consequence of this anatomical arrangement? a) Direct control over vocal fold tension for precise pitch adjustments during singing. b) Primary responsibility for the abduction of the vocal folds during forceful inhalation. c) Reinforcement of the laryngeal inlet, ensuring a tight seal during swallowing to prevent aspiration. d) Modulation of the resonance characteristics of the vocal tract, influencing vowel quality.

Answer 32

c) Reinforcement of the laryngeal inlet, ensuring a tight seal during swallowing to prevent aspiration.

Question 33

Which of the following statements accurately describes the primary functional role of the Cricothyroid (CT) muscle, according to the information explicitly stated in these slides? a) The CT muscle adducts the vocal folds, creating the necessary medial compression for phonation. b) The CT muscle abducts the vocal folds, opening the glottis for respiration. c) The CT muscle adjusts tension in the vocal folds, playing a key role in pitch modulation. d) The CT muscle facilitates complete vocal fold closure by working in tandem with the Lateral Cricoarytenoid (LCA) muscles.

Answer 33

c) The CT muscle adjusts tension in the vocal folds, playing a key role in pitch modulation.

Question 34

The muscle for PITCH CONTROL (think ___ scan)

Answer 34

Cricothyroid muscle

Question 35

the cricothyroid muscle is uniquely innervated by the EXTERNAL branch of WHAT nerve

Answer 35

superior laryngeal

Question 36

T/F : the cricothyroid is responding for shortening and relaxing the TRUE vocal folds for pitch control

Answer 36

F - it helps lengthen + tense them

Question 37

When the PCA muscles are the primary muscles at play, the 'sound' elicited from the larynx will most likely be : 1. breathy 2. creaky 3. modal

Answer 37

1. breathy - abducts so V.F. are apart + air passes through

Question 38

Which muscles are primarily responsible for making sure the vocal folds stay apart when you produce and aspirated sound? A) Lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA) muscles B) Oblique inter-arytenoid muscles C) Posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles D) Cricothyroid (CT) muscles

Answer 38

C) Posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles

Question 39

Briefly explain Ferrein's string theory of phonation

Answer 39

1. Vocal folds = strings on violin 2. Sound production need string-like oscillation

Question 40

Briefly explain Neurochronaxic theory of phonation

Answer 40

1. Each V.F. vibration is controlled by neural activation of muscles 2. each vib is a SEPARATE muscle contraction

Question 41

Bernoulli principle - explain it + the steps

Answer 41

Flowing fluid --> inverse relationship between pressure + velocity (speed) 1. Air from lungs gets speedy when it passes through gap between V.F. 2. Increase in speed --> decrease in pressure on SIDE walls 3. Lower pressure sucks V.F. toward eachother, closing the gap 4. Closed --> pressure increases --> forces V.F. apart 5. Cycle repeats and makes vibrations

Question 42

Function of electroglottography

Answer 42

- measures vocal fold contact during phonation - provides a waveform representing the degree of contact BETWEEN V.F. - useful for assessing voice quality, phonation types + V.F. behaviour

Question 43

T/F : EGG is an invasive method that measures vocal fold contact during phonation

Answer 43

F - it is non-invasive method

Question 44

A speech-language pathologist is using EGG to assess a patient with a suspected voice disorder. Which of the following is the MOST direct measurement provided by EGG? a) Airflow rate during speech b) Vocal fold contact dynamics c) Subglottal pressure d) Articulatory movements

Answer 44

b) Vocal fold contact dynamics

Question 45

During an EGG recording, the waveform shows higher values. According to the principles of EGG, what does this indicate about the vocal folds? a) The vocal folds are completely separated. b) The vocal folds are coming together. c) The vocal folds are vibrating irregularly. d) The vocal folds have maximum contact.

Answer 45

b) The vocal folds are coming together.

Question 46

Device used for EGG + where you want them

Answer 46

2 electrodes that need to be placed as close as possible to the V.F. to get a stronger signal

Question 47

In EGG, the V.F. coming together results in ______ waveform : 1. normal values 2. lower values 3. higher values

Answer 47

3. higher values

Question 48

A speech-language pathologist is attempting to obtain a strong, clear EGG waveform from a patient. Which of the following factors would MOST likely contribute to a stronger waveform value during recording? a) Ensuring the electrodes are placed higher on the neck, away from the larynx. b) Having the patient speak at a very low intensity. c) Ensuring good contact between the electrodes and the skin, and the patient's vocal folds are contacting well d) Having the patient whisper during the recording.

Answer 48

c) Ensuring good contact between the electrodes and the skin, and the patient's vocal folds are contacting well

Question 49

Jessie, a student practicing EGG, places electrodes on another student with 4 inches between, then seems that the waveform values are quite slow in the signal. Which of the following can account for her low values? 1. The electrodes are placed too close together, and are disrupting detection of V.F. contact 2. The electrodes are placed too far apart and are disrupting detection of V.F. contact 3. The student is not talking loud enough - the device is not very sensitive 4. The student is talking too loud - the device is miscalculating .

Answer 49

2. The electrodes are placed too far apart and are disrupting detection of V.F. contact

Question 50

EGG : the CLOSED phase will have lower/higher waveform values, showing vocal fold contact/separation

Answer 50

higher; contact

Question 51

EGG : the OPEN phase will have lower/higher waveform values, showing vocal fold contact/separation

Answer 51

lower; separation

Question 52

The opening and closing speed in EGG is seen in what structure in the waveform

Answer 52

The slope (higher to lower values)

Question 53

The big ascending peak in EGG is associated with which of the following : 1. Open phase 2. Close phase 3. Opening phase 4. Closing phase 5. Opening and closing speed

Answer 53

4. Closing phase

Question 54

In EGG, to be able to go from a raw signal to marking the closing and opening peak, what do you need to know?

Answer 54

1. Duration of full cycle 2. " of opening cycle 3. " of closing cycle

Question 55

Open Quotient

Answer 55

Ratio representing open phase duration Open phase/duration of whole cycle

Question 56

Closed quotient

Answer 56

Ratio representing open phase duration Closed phase/duration of whole cycle

Question 57

Regular vs irregular vibration

Answer 57

regular = normal phonation irregular = vocal pathology

Question 58

EGG : Modal phonation - what are the phases like

Answer 58

Regular waveform with DISTINCT open and closed phases

Question 59

EGG : Breathy phonation

Answer 59

Reduced peaks in raw signals, less V.F. contact

Question 60

T/F : There are higher CQ values associated with with breathy phonation

Answer 60

F - higher OQ values than in modal phonation

Question 61

Creaky/pressed phonation

Answer 61

higher peaks in raw signals, lower OQ values than modal phonation

Question 62

Applications of EGG in speech research (4)

Answer 62

1. Analyzing + diagnosing VOICE disorders 2. Effects of vocal training + therapy 3. Differences in phonation between pieces/languages 4. Research biomechanics of voice prod.

Question 63

Which of the following statements about the thyroid cartilage is TRUE? A. It attaches directly with the arytenoid cartilages in the posterior side. B. It is the only complete ring-shaped cartilage in the larynx. C. It serves as the primary point of attachment for the vocal folds as well as the epiglottis. D. Its superior horns attaches with the cricoid cartilage at the facets for thyroid cartilage.

Answer 63

C. It serves as the primary point of attachment for the vocal folds as well as the epiglottis.

Question 64

Which of the following best describes how the cricothyroid (CT) muscles contribute to pitch differences? A. The CT muscles rotate the arytenoid cartilages, thereby increasing the vocal fold tension which, in turn, increases the pitch. B. The CT muscles increase subglottal pressure, which directly controls pitch without affecting vocal fold length or tension. C. The CT muscles relax the vocal folds, making them shorter and thicker, which lowers the pitch. D. The CT muscles contract, tilting the thyroid cartilage forward and stretching the vocal folds, which increases tension and raises the pitch.

Answer 64

D. The CT muscles contract, tilting the thyroid cartilage forward and stretching the vocal folds, which increases tension and raises the pitch.

Question 65

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. The LCA muscle, by pulling on the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage, rotates the arytenoids to adduct the vocal folds. B. The PCA muscle, by attaching to the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage, helps abduct the vocal folds. C. The PCA muscle originates from the posterior surface of the cricoid cartilage and inserts into the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage. D. The LCA muscle originates from the lateral aspect of the cricoid cartilage and inserts into the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage.

Answer 65

B. The PCA muscle, by attaching to the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage, helps abduct the vocal folds.

Question 66

T/F : John intends to produce the sound [h] while teaching it to an L2 English learner. He assumes that producing [h] requires his vocal folds to be pushed apart and also that this is accomplished by pushing the two vocal folds away by the lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA) muscles in his larynx. Is this assumption likely true or false?

Answer 66

False

Question 67

T/F : Sarah is explaining to her phonetics class how the vocal folds behave during the production of the sound [s]. She claims that producing [s] requires the vocal folds to be tightly adducted by the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles to prevent voicing. Is her claim likely true or false?

Answer 67

False

Question 68

T/F: Elissa is using an Electroglottograph (EGG) to study vocal fold vibration. She explains that the EGG signal strength increases when the vocal folds have greater contact and decreases when they are more separated. Is her explanation likely true or false?

Answer 68

True