Spinal + Cranial Nerves Flashcards
The PN is composed of _____ and ______
nerves; ganglia
Where do spinal nerves come from?
Spinal cord
Where do cranial nerves come from?
brain
name the 3 types of peripheral nerves and their function
- Sensory - info from body to brain + spinal cord
- Motor - info from brain and spinal cord TO body
- Mixed - have both sensory and motor fibers (both jobs)
T/F : There are 31 pairs of cranial nerves and 12 pairs of spinal nerves
F - cranial = 12 pairs
Spinal nerve function
Responsible for motor, sensory and autonomic signals
T/F : each spinal nerve innervates a very specific body region, which is known as the sarcomere
F - a dermatome
T/F : each nerve pair is linked to a specific segment of the spinal cord
T
Name the 3 SENSORY cranial nerves
Olfactory, Optic and vestibulochlear
A patient has suffered nerve damage, and the doctor determines it affects a nerve outside of the cerebrum, brain stem, and spinal cord. Based on Slide 7, this nerve is MOST likely part of the:
A. Central Nervous System (CNS)
B. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
C. Cerebellum
D. Brain Stem
B. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
A 62-year-old patient reports a recent loss of taste sensation on the anterior two-thirds of their tongue, along with dry eyes. Neurological examination reveals weakness in facial expression muscles on the same side. Which of the following cranial nerves is MOST likely affected?
a) Trigeminal (CN V)
b) Facial (CN VII)
c) Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
d) Vagus (CN X)
b) Facial (CN VII)
A patient presents with difficulty shrugging their shoulders and turning their head to the left against resistance. Which of the following cranial nerves is MOST likely involved in this patient’s presentation?
a) Hypoglossal (CN XII)
b) Accessory (CN XI)
c) Vagus (CN X)
d) Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
b) Accessory (CN XI)
A neurologist is examining a patient who reports double vision (diplopia) when looking downwards. Which cranial nerve is MOST likely impaired?
a) Oculomotor (CN III)
b) Trochlear (CN IV)
c) Abducens (CN VI)
d) Optic (CN II)
b) Trochlear (CN IV)
Name the functions of each sensory cranial nerve (olfac., optic, vestibcoch)
- Smell
- Sight
- Hearing/balance
Name the 5 mOtOr cranial nerves
Oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, accessory, hypoglossal
Main functions of the motor cranial nerves
Mainly control muscle movements in the eyes, neck and tongue
Name the 4 mixed cranial nerves
trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus
Main functions of the mixed cranial nerves
Carries both sensory and motor fibers + has diverse functions include facial sensation, organ control and taste
Name cranial nerves I-V + their functions
CNI - Olfactory : smell
CNII - Optic : vision
CNIII - Oculomotor : eyelid + eyeball movement
CNIV - Trochlear : moves eye downward + laterally
CNV - Trigeminal : facial sensation, chewing
Name cranial nerves VI-XII + their functions
CNVI - Abducens : turns eye laterally controls
CNVII - Facial : facial expression, taste, salivation, tear secretion
CNVIII - Vestibucochlear : hearing + balance
CNIX - Glossopharyngeal : taste, senses carotid BP
CNX - Vagus : aortic BP, slows HR, stimulates digestive organs, taste
CNXI - Accessory : controls trapezius + sternocleidomastoid, swallowing movements
CNXII - Hypoglossal : controls muscles of the tongue
John felt a mosquito bite on his right cheek. Which cranial nerve helped John feel that mosquito bite?
A) Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory)
B) Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal)
C) Cranial Nerve VII (Facial)
D) Cranial Nerve XII (Hypoglossal)
B) Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal)
The Vestibulocochlear nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII) is essential for which of the following functions?
A) Chewing and mastication
B) Hearing and balance
C) Taste and salivation
D) Movement of the tongue
B) Hearing and balance
T/F : John, a 35 year old healthy male, gets serious damage to his abducens cranial nerve, and he is told that he could suffer from a speech difficulty. Is this true?
F - abducens refers to eye, so he would have damage in his eyes
A patient presents with slurred speech, difficulty forming words, and noticeable weakness in their lower facial muscles. The neurologist suspects damage to a cranial nerve crucial for articulation. Which of the following cranial nerves is MOST likely affected?
a) Trigeminal (CN V)
b) Facial (CN VII)
c) Vagus (CN X)
d) Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)
b) Facial (CN VII)
A speech-language pathologist is evaluating a patient who underwent surgery for a brainstem tumor. The patient exhibits significant difficulty with tongue movement, impacting their ability to produce clear consonant sounds. Which cranial nerve has MOST likely been affected by the surgery?
a) Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
b) Vagus (CN X)
c) Accessory (CN XI)
d) Hypoglossal (CN XII)
d) Hypoglossal (CN XII)
A patient recovering from a stroke demonstrates nasal speech and difficulty with swallowing. Assessment reveals weakness in the soft palate. Which cranial nerve is MOST likely impaired?
a) Facial (CN VII)
b) Vagus (CN X)
c) Trigeminal (CN V)
d) Abducens (CN VI)
b) Vagus (CN X)
A patient diagnosed with Bell’s Palsy exhibits paralysis of the facial muscles on one side. This condition directly impacts which aspect of speech production?
a) Respiration
b) Phonation
c) Articulation
d) Resonance
c) Articulation
IN SPEECH production : function of cranial nerve V
trigeminal : Activates muscles for mastication, impacting articulation
IN SPEECH production : function of cranial nerve VII
Facial : Controls facial expressions (e.g., lip movement) essential for articulation
IN SPEECH production : function of cranial nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal : For movements in the pharynx
IN SPEECH production : function of cranial nerve X
Vagus : Vital for movements in the larynx, pharynx and velum
Which cranial nerve is impacted by voicing and nasality
Vagus - X
IN SPEECH production : function of cranial nerve XI
Accessory : respiration
IN SPEECH production : function of cranial nerve XII
Hypoglossal : Controls tongue movements crucial for articulating consonants and vowels.
To be able to diagnose speech disorders, it is important to recognize _____ nerve dysfunctions
spinal; cranial
cranial
The individual in the image exhibits a drooping mouth. If a nerve is related to this, which nerve should it be?
A) Cranial Nerve V
B) Cranial Nerve VII
C) Cranial Nerve X
D) Cranial Nerve XII
B) Cranial Nerve VII
The spine is composed out of ____ vertebrae
33
5 regions in the 33 vertebrae in spinal nerves (think CTLSC)
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacral
- Coccygeal
how many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
how many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
how many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
how many sacral vertebrae are there?
5
how many coccygeal vertebrae are there?
3-5
T/F : every spinal nerve is composed of either afferent or efferent motor fibers
F - composed of both afferent and efferent motor fibers
the cervical nerves (c1-c8) control what parts of the body
neck, shoulders, arms and hands
Which spinal nerves control the chest, the mid back AND some parts of the abdominal muscles
thoracic nerves
the lumbar and sacral nerves innervate …. (4) - think lower half and lumbar support
lower abdomen; legs; bowel; bladder
T/F : The phrenic nerve originates from the thoracic spinal nerves T1-T12.
F - from cervical spinal nerves C3, C4, C5
What is the primary function of the phrenic nerve?
a) Innervating muscles of the arm
b) Providing motor innervation to the diaphragm
c) Carrying sensory information from the thoracic region
d) Controlling muscles of the lower abdomen
b) Providing motor innervation to the diaphragm
The phrenic nerve is MOST crucial for:
a) Voluntary movement of the limbs
b) Respiration
c) Digestion
d) Maintaining balance
b) Respiration
Damage to the phrenic nerve can result in : (1 main, 2 points)
Diaphragmatic paralysis or dysfunction
Between the spinal nerves, what fills the gap
a cushioning disk
afferent (sensory) nerves originate from the ventral(anterior)/dorsal(posterior) root ganglion and enter the spinal cord through the dorsal/ventral root
dorsal; dorsal
efferent (motor) nerves originate from the ventral(anterior)/dorsal(posterior) horn of spinal cord and exit through the dorsal/ventral root
ventral; ventral
Which of the following best describes the function of the phrenic nerve?
A. It provides motor innervation to the muscles of the arm.
B. It carries sensory information from the thoracic region to the spinal cord.
C. It provides motor innervation to the diaphragm, essential for breathing.
D. It transmits sensory information from the cervical region to the brain.
C. It provides motor innervation to the diaphragm, essential for breathing.
Skeletal muscles are composed of what primary 4 things
- Muscle fibers
- Connective tissue
T/F : A skeletal muscle fiber can be innervated by multiple motor neurons to allow for finer control of contraction force.
F - Each muscle fiber is innervated by only one motor neuron, although a single motor neuron innervates many muscle fibers
T/F : The length of the sarcomere remains constant during muscle contraction, as the actin and myosin filaments themselves shorten.
F - The sarcomere shortens during contraction due to the actin and myosin filaments sliding past each other; the filaments themselves do not shorten
T/F : each single muscle fiber IS a single muscle cell, and it is surrounded by a plasma membrane called the sarcolemma
T
Muscles fibers contain _______ (think MAYOnnaise) which are made up of repeating units called the __________ which are the standard units of muscle fibers
myofibrils; sarcomeres
T/F : Tom thinks the the arrangement of the sarcomeres in muscle fibers in series allows them to have a smooth look. Is he right?
F - they look striated
define a fascicle (in skeletal muscles)
a bundle of muscle fibers
T/F : only the strongest muscle fibers contain myofibril
F - every fiber has it
T/F : the sarcomeres are the units of contraction and are a collection of myofilaments of the expansion proteins ‘myosin’ and ‘actin’
F - all true but it is CONTRACTILE proteins
name the hierarchy in skeletal muscle : start = whole muscle
- whole muscle
- Fascicles
- Muscle fiber = muscle cell = myocyte
- Myofibrils
- sarcomeres - collection of units of contraction
- Proteins - myosin + actin
Which of the following BEST describes the primary mechanism driving skeletal muscle contraction?
a) Boyle’s Law, where increased volume within the muscle cell decreases pressure, causing the muscle to shorten.
b) The Bernoulli Principle, where increased blood flow velocity through muscle capillaries results in a pressure differential that shortens muscle fibers.
c) The Sliding Filament Theory, where actin and myosin filaments within sarcomeres slide past each other, shortening the sarcomere and thus the entire muscle.
c) The Sliding Filament Theory, where actin and myosin filaments within sarcomeres slide past each other, shortening the sarcomere and thus the entire muscle.
Explain the sliding filament theory
Stimulation –> myosin filaments IN sarcomere PULL on ACTIN filaments which causes the shortening of sarcomeres –> muscle contraction
the 3 stages of the sliding filament theory - explain using the filament terms
- Attach - myosin heads attach to the actin above or below it
- Bend - myosin heads bend and slide over the actin, causing them to lose their initial shape + shorten
- Release - release of the attachment between myosin head/filament and actin filament
T/F : myosin heads first bend themselves then attach to the actin filament, stimulating muscle contraction
F - attach then bend
Motor unit
Single motor neuron + ALL the muscle fibers it controls
T/F : no matter the how big the movement required is for muscle contraction (gross vs fine motor skills), the size of the motor unit remains the same, there are just more or less of them.
F - fine = smaller unit, gross = larger unit
Describe the chain of events in skeletal muscles with the activation of motor units
- Group of muscles get activated
- Group gets fatigued
- Groups gets deactivated
- Neighbouring group gets activated
T/F : one muscle = one motor unit
F - can have MANY
Motor units controls a ______ of fibers in the muscle (think Venn diagram)
subset
What is the basic functional unit of a muscle fiber that is responsible for muscle contraction?
A. Motor Unit
B. Myofibril
C. Sarcolemma
D. Sarcomere
D. Sarcomere
Liam is a student studying brain anatomy. He is interested in separating the sensory nerves from the motor nerves. Which of the following sets contains only motor nerves?
A. Trochlear nerve, Abducens nerve, Hypoglossal nerve
B. Olfactory nerve, Vestibulocochlear nerve, Vagus nerve
C. Optic nerve, Trigeminal nerve, Facial nerve
D. Glossopharyngeal nerve, Oculomotor nerve, Accessory nerve
A. Trochlear nerve, Abducens nerve, Hypoglossal nerve
James, a speech therapist, is working with a patient who has difficulty moving their tongue during speech production. After assessing the patient’s condition, James suspects an issue with a cranial nerve responsible for tongue movement. Which of the following cranial nerves is most likely affected?
A. Cranial Nerve V
B. Cranial Nerve VII
C. Cranial Nerve XII
D. Cranial Nerve IX
C. Cranial Nerve XII
John is trying to learn about afferent and efferent nerves. Which of the following accurately describes the difference between afferent and efferent nerves?
A. Afferent nerves exit the spinal cord, while efferent nerves enter the spinal cord.
B. Afferent nerves only control voluntary movements, while efferent nerves control involuntary movements.
C. Afferent nerves transmit sensory information to the brain, while efferent nerves transmit motor information from the brain.
D. Afferent nerves transmit motor information, while efferent nerves transmit sensory information.
C. Afferent nerves transmit sensory information to the brain, while efferent nerves transmit motor information from the brain.
Which of the following best describes the filament theory of muscle contraction?
A. Myosin filaments disintegrate, allowing actin filaments to contract.
B. Actin filaments slide over myosin filaments, causing sarcomeres to shorten.
C. Actin and myosin filaments remain stationary while the sarcomere contracts.
D. Sarcomeres lengthen as myosin and actin filaments push each other away.
B. Actin filaments slide over myosin filaments, causing sarcomeres to shorten.
T/F : Emma, a 45-year-old librarian, recently experienced a traumatic facial injury during a biking accident. Doctors found that the trigeminal nerve on her right side was severely damaged. Based on Emma’s scenario, is the following statement likely true or false?
“Emma will have problems with chewing due to weakened jaw muscles.”
T
Liam, a 50-year-old chef, complained of persistent dizziness, unsteady gait, and ringing in his left ear after an acoustic neuroma surgery. Doctors confirmed partial damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve.
True/False Statement:
“Liam is likely experiencing balance and hearing problems as a result of vestibulocochlear nerve damage.”
T
T/F : The Trigeminal, Facial, and Vagus nerves are crucial for speech production because they control movements of the jaw, lips, and vocal folds, respectively.
T
T/F : The nerves innervating the diaphragm, the most important muscle to breathing, originate from the three of the thoracic vertebrae.
F
