Intrinsic tongue muscles + lingual consonants + palatography Flashcards
Name 4 main intrinsic muscles (of the waffle tongue picture)
- Superior longitudinal
- Inferior longitudinal
- Transverse/transversus
- Vertical/verticalis
Superior longitudinal : location, structure & functions/effects
Location : lies immediately beneath mucous membrane on the upper surface of the tongue
Structure :
- runs along length of the tongue
- muscle fibers that run longitudinally from root to APEX of tongue
Functions/effects : contracts –> shortens tongue + pulls tip UP and BACK, making dorsal surface of tongue convex
The intrinsic tongue muscles are separated by which structure? (think of a nose ring)
the septum - it creates two smaller spaces for the muscles
Name this structure : the tongue’s tendon (linguistics)
lingual aponeurosis
Inferior longitudinal muscle : location, structure & basic function/effects
Location : on underside of the tongue + runs along either side of genioglossus, medial to the hyoglossus
Structure : muscle extends from root towards apex + runs parallel to superior longitudinal muscle BUT on tongue’s UNDER surface
Functions/effects :
- contracts –> pulls tongue tip DOWN + gives tongue a convex shape
Transversus/transverse muscle : location, structure & functions [i-u-i-u-i-u]
Location : runs laterally across tongue + starts at lingual septum and inserts into lingual margin (lateral edge of tongue)
Structure : transverse muscle fibers
Function :
- NARROWS tongue from side-to-side (Which –>)
- can lengthen + vertically thicken the tongue
- helps in PROtrusion
verticalis/vertical muscle : location, structure & functions (think ‘beetle’)
Location : runs perpendicular to transverse muscles, more concentrated in anterior part of tongue, wider at bottom than at top
Structure : layered set of muscle sheets interwoven between transversus
Functions :
- pulls upper surface of tongue DOWN
- contracts –> flattens + widens tongue
- somewhat opposite from transverse muscle
The verticalis and transversus muscles are ______ _________
mutually exclusive
Consonants are typically described from 2 dif types of constrictions - name them (think of IPA)
- Degree of constriction
- location of constriction
The degree of constriction refers to a _________, which is a more nuanced way of understanding how closed/open a sound is
continuum
Tongue bracing
contact made by tongue with surfaces within the oral cavity - like molars, other teeth and palate regions
Key functions of tongue bracing (3) - may the force be with you
- Forcing airflow through specific locations
- Maintaining stability and accuracy
- Reducing tongue’s degrees of freedom
tongue bracing - explain how it impacts stability & precision
Bracing gives an anchor + enhances precision of sound production
Tongue bracing especially helps to enhance production of speech in slow/fast speech
fast
tongue bracing - explain how it impacts speech production
Provides limited movements and gives more control over to the tongue - making it more efficient
tongue bracing - explain how it offers feedback for adjustment
Gives crucial somatosensory feedback which helps to adjust tongue position and movement for accurate sounds
Lateral bracing - what is is + functions
- Sides of tongue contacting inner sides of the teeth or upper lateral regions of mouth
- Important for sounds needing airflow to be directed along the tongue’s midline + gives a mechanism for achieving diff shapes of the ‘tubed’ cavity by stabilizing tongue in BACK
Medial bracing - what it is + functions (plus examples of sounds)
- Tongue makes contact with roof of mouth along its center
- Needed for sounds directing airflow laterally along sides of tongue
- E.g. lateral fricatives or lateral approximants
- Gives mechanism to achieve a tight central seal while allowing air to escape laterally
what is an approximant constriction?
lingual constrictions that AREN’T tight enough to disrupt airflow
what is a turbulent constriction?
Result from a tight constriction and SPECIFIC tongue shapes that accelerate airflow, making turbulence
A sound with a turbulent constriction is otherwise referred to as a ______
fricative
The degree of turbulence _______ with the constriction and reaches a _______ point that makes enough turbulence for that specific location
increases; critical
what is a periodic constriction?
results in a trill of the anterior tongue - like V.F. phonation
- needs a narrow constriction, proper airway shape behind the constriction, and specific tenseness in vibrating body
Which constriction REALLY takes advantage of aerodynamics?
Periodic constriction
