Facialcles + labial sounds & measurements + Openface + Putting articulations together Flashcards
1
Q
Orbicularis Oris - structure and function
A
- Multiple fiber layers - superficial – deep
- Performs sphincter-like movements + important for lip movements
2
Q
Name both LAYERS of the OO, their location and function (hint : think FAKE)
A
- Superficial - just under the skin
- enables FINE tuned lip shaping + broader facial expressions - Deep - near bone + connective tissues
- gives strength for TIGHT lip seal, gripping + pressure generation
3
Q
Name both concentric RINGS around the mouth (think of INSIDE OUT), their location & function (and give an example)
A
- Marginal part - inner zone, closer to the center
- produces unrounded, unprotruded lips in ‘inrounded’ shapes [y] - Peripheral part - outer zone, farther from the center
- produces lip protrusion - outrounded shapes [u]
4
Q
The OO is divided into two more major components - name them and their function
A
- OO superior
- controls upper lip movement
- contributes to labial closure and expressions (like smiling) - OO inferior
- controls lower lip movement
5
Q
The OOs and the OOi can work _________ from eachother
A
independently
6
Q
Buccinator muscle - location function
A
- location : inner cheek wall, extending from the pterygomandibular raphe to mouth corners
- Function :
- works with OO to shape & tense the lips
- contributes to spread lip shapes + stiffens cheeks to maintain intraoral pressure
- needed for chewing, sucking & keeping food in place during chewing
7
Q
Risorius muscle - location & function
A
- Location : running from masseter muscle to the skin at the corners of the mouth
- Function : contracts to draw sides of mouth back, making a spread lip shape or “insincere” smile
8
Q
Mentalis muscle : what it is KNOWN as, location & function
A
- Known as ‘pouting’ muscle
- Originates from front of mandible, inserts into skin of chin
- FUnction : pulls ship up toward the lower lip, helping to pout or strengthen UP movements of the lower lip
9
Q
Levator Labii Superioris : location, structure & function
A
- Location : originates from lower orbit of the eyes to the zyg arch, inserts into upper lip
- Structure : broad sheet of muscle
- Function : functions to raise upper lip
10
Q
To raise the upper jaw, the levator labii superioris needs to be _________
A
isolated
11
Q
Zygomaticus Major & Minor muscles : what it is known as, location & function
A
- Associated with “sincere smile”
- Both originate from zygomatic arch and inserts into the corners of the mouth
- Raises the corners of the mouth (assists levator to lift corners)
12
Q
Depressor Anguli Oris Muscle : location & function (think of that one black and white picture of the girl)
A
- Location : originates from the lower edge of mandible + inserts into angle/sides of the mouth
- Function : helps in frowning or pulling the upper lip DOWN
13
Q
Depressor Labii Inferioris Muscle : location & function (hint : we see the lower teeth)
A
- Location : originates from lower edge of mandible + inserts into the skin of lower lip
- Function : lowering & spreading the lower lip
14
Q
3 main lip postures recognized for articulating labial sounds
A
- Bilabial constrictions
- Labiodental constrictions
- Rounded constrictions
15
Q
Explaining the articulation process for BILABIALS
A
- Lips come together flatly and are spread wider
- Posture –> helps to make a tight seal useful for producing stops
- Closure allows for INCREASED air pressure to build up, leading in an explosive sound when released
16
Q
Explaining the articulation process for LABIODENTALS
A
- Lower lip is retracted + raised to touch the upper teeth
- Creates semi closure which helps to make fricative sounds
- Air escapes through imperfect seal, easier to maintain than a complete bilabial closure + useful for producing CONSISTENT fricative sounds
17
Q
Explaining the articulation process for ROUNDEDNESS
A
- Lips form protruded “O” shape - common in articulation of rounded vowels + approximants
- Lip rounding EXTENDS vocal tract and lowers its resonances
- Used by OO peripheral
18
Q
What is an electromagnetic articulometer?
A
Device used to track and record movements of speech articulators in REAL time
19
Q
How does an EMA capture the position of objects?
A
Uses sensors and magnetic fields to get the position and motion of them
20
Q
Describe the 4 general steps for EMA
A
- Sensor placement - on various articulators
- Magnetic field generation - the lil transmitters make a dynamic field around the speaker’s head
- Motion tracking - sensors detect change in their position from magnetic field
- Data output - continuous, real time data
21
Q
Describe the 3 main CHARACTERISTICS of EMA
A
- High temporal resolution - gets rapid movements of articulators
- Accurate data collection - is precise
- Non-invasive - sensors aren’t really invasive and don’t really affect natural speech production
22
Q
How can we use EMA (electromagnetic articulometer) in real life? (4)
A
- Speech Science research
- Linguistics
- Speech therapy
- Technology development - helps to improve speech recognition + synthesis technologies
23
Q
OpenFace : what is its general purpose?
A
provides REAL TIME analysis of facial behaviour and is non-invasive
24
Q
What are the 4 general features of OpenFace? (think of important places in the world and “strike a pose”) and their general function
A
- Facial Landmark Detection
- Head Pose Estimation : : measures tilt, rotation + nodding for conversation cue
- Facial Action Unit Recognition : identifies + quantifies muscle movements for EMOTIONAL analysis
- Eye Gaze Estimation : helps determine where and what people focus on during interactions - IMPORTANT FOR INFANTS
25
Name the two main model types of solutions for the coordination problem?
1. Context-sensitive (Look ahead) models
2. Context-invariant models
26
Context-sensitive model - articulation
1. Sensitive to upcoming context
2. Movements are PRE-planned to anticipate future articulations
27
Context sensitive models are defined by ____ motion patterns
stored
28
The 3 building blocks for context-sensitive models
1. Motor primitives - smallest planning movement (like jaw or tongue)
2. Motor programs - combo of m. prims (like phones or syllables)
3. Motor plans - larger structures (unique sequences --> sentences)
29
Context invariant models are defined by their look ahead/no look ahead, causing articulators to work with adjacent movements ___________
no look ahead; automatically
30
Why is the pseudoinverse solution the best soltuion for the context invariant model?
The vocal tract is redundant, there is multiple ways to get to a sound; this solution finds the most EFFICIENT combination of articulatory commands
31
______ refer to the concept of calculating forces needed to get from current to target state
1. Contextual solutions
2. pseudoinverse solutions
3. Linguisticanalytic solution
4. Dynamics
4. Dynamics
32
Context invariant models : the "inverse problem"
- inferring the cause from an OBSERVED effect
- in speech research : given an acoustic signal, determine the articulatory movements that produced it
33
Motor planning and task dynamics : what are the 2 perspectives in the formal theories
1. Motor program level : LONG-term stored structures
2. Motor system level : computes dynamics in REAL time
34
In unifiying theories of movement coordination, the motor ______ level is responsible for higher-level planning
program
35
What are COMPLEX sounds? give examples
Sounds that involve simultaneous use of MANY articulators
- clicks, liquid, nasals, voiced (dif between [p] and [b])
36
Explain the 'timing problem' in complex sounds
These sounds involve multiple articulatory movements - how is the timing between them controlled
- a central clock? not enough evidence
37
What is the issue with the theory of extrinsic timing for complex sounds?
No strong evidence for the idea of a 'central clock'
38
Explain intrinsic timing for task dynamics (Hint : NSYNC)
1. Concept of relative movement cycles rather than absolute time
39
Phase alignment :
timing relationship between gestures
40
Anatomical coupling + their 2 types (think single vs a couple) and an example
degree to which 2 articulators influence eachother's movement
1. Tightly coupled articulators : movements in ONE often affect the OTHER
- tongue tip & tongue body
2. Independent articulators : can move without REALLY affecting eachother
- velum
- larynx
41
Importance of anatomical coupling (3)
1. Ease of coordination - independent ones are EASIER to coordinate
2. Typological trends - sounds combining independent articulators --> more common cross-linguistically
3. Learning difficulty - tightly couple articulators are harder to learn
42
Lingual-lingual sounds - what they are, why are they difficult + the MAIN FOCUS OF SOUNDS
1. Sounds requiring 2 distinct tongue constrictions
2. From tight coupling, they are hard to learn and more rare cross-linguistically
3. Liquids and clicks
43
Coarticulation and its PROBLEM (think divorced - apart)
Articulatory overlap - a simultaneous movement of different articulators
When adjacent speech sounds require anatomically coupled articulators to move in OPPOSITE directions --> conflict
44
Provide the 3 smaller solutions for articulatory conflict when adjacent sounds require them to move in opposite directions
1. Deletion - we can delete one of them
2. Transition - we move the articulator from ONE position to the other
3. Compromise - picking a middle ground
