Jacob’s unsure Terms Flashcards
1
Q
When was Quebec founded?
A
1608
2
Q
What was an example of a crop created in the Carolina?
A
Rice
3
Q
What was the Coronado in SW US, 1540?
A
An attempt by the Spanish to find gold in the southwest and although they failed; they discovered the Grand Canyons for the first time
4
Q
What was the Judiciary Act of 1789?
A
Established he federal judiciary system of the US
5
Q
What book outlined the Nullification Theory?
A
Calhoun’s South Carolina Exposition
6
Q
Who was David Walker?
A
An abolitionist who was extremely radical with his book “Walkers’ Appeal”
7
Q
What was the impact of the Tariff of 1832?
A
The Nullification Crisis and threat of secession making it a compromise to appeal to South Carolina
8
Q
What caused the Panic of 1837?
A
-Rapid economic expansion
- Over-speculation
9
Q
What were the effects of the Panic of 1837?
A
- Widespread unemployment
- Loss of jobs for middle class
- Decline of democratic Party’s leadership
- Banking reform such as the Independent Treasury System
10
Q
What was the significance of the Tariff Bill of 1842?
A
- Reversed tariff reversals such as the Tariff of 1832 and was a continuation of Henry Clay’s American system
11
Q
What was the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1839?
A
Determined territorial disputes between US and Canada Ecspecially in Maine
12
Q
What were the effects of the Oregon Trail?
A
- Facilitated westward expansion
- Spurred economic growth
- Native American Displacement
13
Q
How did the Oregon Trail spur the economy?
A
- Created new markets for goods and services
- Industries like agriculture, mining, and logging flourished
- Businesses rose up along the trail offering services
14
Q
What was significant about the Election of 1844?
A
Polk beats Henry Clay
15
Q
What was the significance of Fredrick Douglass?
A
- Abolitionist leader
- “Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass and the American Slave”
16
Q
What was significant about the missionaries in the 1850s?
A
- Sought to convert Native Americans in the Oregon territory paving the way for western expansion
17
Q
Who was an example of a missionary in the 1850s?
A
Thomas Jefferson Bowen
18
Q
What was the Clayton-Buwler Treaty of 1852?
A
Prevented either US or Britain from getting exclusive rights to Panama Canal
19
Q
What were the effects of the Ostend Manifesto (1854)?
A
Proposed a shift in foreign policy advocating for the acquiring of Cuba from Spain
20
Q
What abolitionist groups sent people to Kansas to tilt the popular sovereignty of the state?
A
New England Emigrant Aid Company
21
Q
What was the Ex Parte Marryman?
A
Stated only Congress could suspend the writ of habeas corpus
22
Q
What was Habeas Corpus?
A
A legal principle that protects an individual’s right to not be unlawfully detained or imprisoned
23
Q
What was the significance of the Battle of Antietam?
A
Although a draw - was a Union victory because it held off Robert E. Lee and permitted Lincoln to deliver the Emancipation Proclamation
24
Q
What was the significance of the Battle of Gettysburg?
A
Widely considered the war’s turning point when the North beat Robert E. Lee. Led to Lincoln’s delivery of the Gettysburg Address
25
What was the Wade-Davis Bill?
- A majority of the state’s voters had to take the ironclad oath
- Had to abolish slavery
- Had to disqualify Confederate officials from holding office again
26
What was the Sand Creek Massacre?
Colorado army regiment killed a bunch of Native kids and women in Colorado
27
What was the purpose of the Freedman’s Bureau?
Tried to help freed slaves transition to a life of freedom and citizenship
28
What services were included in the Freedman’s Bureau?
- Established schools and training institutes
- Operated hospitals and provided basic medical care
29
When was the KKK established?
1865
30
What were the goals of the Grange?
- To improve the social and economic conditions of farmers and agricultural communities by banding together
- Reduce high shipping costs of goods
31
What was the impact of the Grange Movement?
- Led to later political movements such as populism
- Paved the way for the Interstate Commerce Act
32
What was the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887?
A federal law passed to regulate railroad rates and practices to ensure fair shipping for farmers
33
What was Munn. V. Illinois?
Upheld the right for states to regulate private industries that affect public interests, specifically focusing on grain elevator rates in Illinois
34
When was Munn V. Illinois?
1877
35
What was the Bland-Allison Act of 1878 a result of?
The economic anxiety and Panic of 1873 and the move towards a gold standard
36
What was the purpose of the Bland-Allison Act?
To increase the money supply and and improve the economic standing of farmers and debtors who benefitted from the increased access of silver
37
What did the Bland-Allison Act do?
Forced the US to buy a certain amount of silver and implement it into the economy as silver dollars
38
What was the book the exposed the US’s poor treatment of Natives?
Helen Hunt’s A Century of Dishonor in 1881
39
What were the impacts of the book “A Century of Dishonor” by Helen Hunt?
Sparked mass outrage and led to policy changes regarding natives in the late 19th and early 20th century
40
What were some groups that rose in the late 19th and early 29th century that advocated for Native rights?
- Women’s National Indian Association
- Indian Rights Association
41
How did a Century of Dishonor shift government policy towards natives?
From outright dispossession to assimilation of Natives
42
When was the Tuskegee Institute founded?
1881
43
What was the Tuskegee Institute?
A historically black college founded by Booker T. Washington
- Provided African Americans with vocational training
44
What was the movement led by Web Dubois that advocated for immediate equality for African Americans?
The Niagara Movement
45
What was the Credit Mobilier Scandal of 1872?
The Credit Mobilier Company bribed politicians with discounted stocks to keep a favorable relationship and to hide their corruption
46
What was the impact of the Credit Mobilier Scandal? ( What did it show about the Gilded Age)
- Highlighted the flaws of the political and economic system of the Gilded Age
- Demonstrated close ties between big business and government
- Shows economic inequality and corruption
47
What were the effects of the Pendleton Act of 1881?
Established a merit based system for federal employment, moving away from the Spoils System
48
What was the Foran Act of 1885?
Prevented any company or individual from bringing unskilled immigrants into the Americas for work
49
What was the Civil Rights Act of 1875?
Aimed to ensure equal treated for African Americans in public accommodations and transport
50
What did the Dawes-Severalty Act do?
Authorized the dividing of tribal lands into individual possesions
51
What was the impact of the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890?
- Increased prices on imported goods
- Highlights the tensions of protectionism and free trade
52
What was the impact of Morill Land Act of 1890?
Aimed to include African Americans by providing federal funding for Historically Black Colleges
53
54
How did the Morill Land Grant of 1862 impact society?
Allowed for colleges which focused on technology and mechanical arts
55
What was the Dawes Plan?
A financial agreement to help Germany recover from WW1 and stabilize its economy
56
What was the Employment Act of 1946?
established the principle that the federal government would be responsible for maintaining a high level of employment and economic stability
57
What were the causes of the Homestead Strike of 1892?
The Homestead Strike was caused by Carnegie’s attempt to break unions and cut wages
58
Describe the Homestead Strike of 1892
Workers went on strike at Carnegie’s steel mills and factories. It led to strike busters and violence
59
What was the impact of the Homestead Strike of 1892?
Gave the public the idea that labor unions were violent due to the violence that broke out between the workers and the Pinkerton agents
60
What were the causes of the Depression of 1893?
It was triggered by collapse of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and subsequent decline of the stock market
61
What were the impacts of the Depression of 1893?
- Led to the failure of 15,000 banks and businesses leading to widespread unemployment
- Shifted monetary debates to a call for bimetallism
- Spurred populist movement
- Coxey’s Army
62
What was Coxey’s Army?
63
What is an example of a way people advocated for increased government regulation in the 1900s and what spurred it?
- Coxey’s Army which was a protest march calling for the government to create jobs for unemployed through public works projects
- Spurred by Depression of 1893
64
What was the impact of Bryan’s Cross of Gold Speech?
- Shaped the Democratic Party platform around populist themes such as monetary systems
65
What were examples of tariffs in the late 19th century?
- McKinley Tariff
- Dingley Tariff
66
What was the letter that partially led to the Spanish-American War?
The DeLome Letter
67
What did the Teller Amendment state and how does it differ from later pieces of legislation?
That the US would not annex Cuba and let them have free reign. Different from the Platt Amendment which gave US economic control
68
What were some key pieces of legislation of the Square Deal for each part of Roosevelt’s Plan?
Conservation: Establishment of the U.S Forest Service of 1905 & the Antiquities Act making the Grand Canyon a national landmark
Consumer Control: Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 & Meat Inspection Act
Corporations: Elkins Act (Making rebates by railroads illegal)
69
What were the impacts of the Roosevelt Corollary?
Led to greater resentment of US by Latin American nations
70
What was the Hepburn Act of 1906?
Increased powers of ICC to regulate transportation industry and set maximum rates for railroads
71
What was the Root-Takahira Agreement?
- Agreed to acknowledge Japan’s influence and increased trade between the two nations
- Prevented a potential war by clarifying regions
72
What caused the rift in the Republican Party and led to the creation of the Bull-Moose Tariff?
Payne-Alrich Tariff
- Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
73
What was the Adamson Act of 1916?
- Known as the railroad labor act established 8-hour work days for railroad employees and established overtime pay
74
What were labor reform acts of the Progressive Era?
- The Adamson Act
- Child Labor Act of 1916
75
What was an act made prior to WW1 to help the U.S. mobilize for the war?
The Selective Service Act of 1917
76
What was the Washington Conference of 1921?
A crucial event in the aftermath of WW1 bringing together major naval powers to discuss naval disbarment and limitations
77
What was the impact of the Washington Conference of 1921?
- Led to a period of relative peace
- Failed to prevent the Japanese in WW2
78
Who was Margaret Sanger?
- Prominent birth control activist
- Played a crucial role in the early 20th century movement for women’s reproductive rights
- Founded Planned Parenthood
79
What were some women’s rights movements after the passage of the 19th Amendment in the early 20th century?
- Margaret Sanger and the movement for women’s reproductive rights
80
What was a key case that illustrated key themes of the 1920s such as nativism, the Red Scare, and the struggle for civil liberties?
Sacco and Vanzetti Case
81
What was the significance of the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act of 1922?
Increased cost of imported goods and increased U.S. protectionism
82
What was the name of tariff in the Progressive era that reduced costs of imported goods?
Underwood Tariff of 1913
83
What did the Teapot Dome Scandal illustrate?
Issues of corruption and exploitation of natural resources during post-WW1 economic challenges
84
What was the Teapot Dome Scandal?
US government secretly leased oil reserves to private companies in return for bribes
85
What was the name of the treaty where the nations agreed to renounce war as means of resolving diplomatic disputes?
Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928
86
What was an event that highlighted the economic struggles of the early 1930s?
The Bonus March of 1932 when veterans converged on DC to demand immediate payment of their bonuses
87
What did the Stimson Doctrine of 1932 state?
A policy of non-recognization to Japanese aggression
88
What are examples of ways American failed to prevent foreign aggression before WW2?
- Stimson Doctrine of 1932
89
What was the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934?
- Reversed the Dawes Act
- Restored some and and cultural autonomy lost by tribes due to previous legislation
- Shift from assimilation policies
90
How did US foreign policy with Natives change throughout American history?
- Early Contact - Enslavement & Conflict
- Early 1800s - Forced relocation
- Mid-Late 1800s - Conflict and forced assimilation
- 1930s+ - Redistribution of land
91
What was the labor acts which protected labor unions in the New Deal?
Wagner Act which guaranteed worker’s rights
92
What was a powerful labor union during the 1930s?
The Congress of Industrial Organizations by organizing workers in mass-production industries
93
What were examples of Supreme Court cases that deemed New Deal policies unconstituional?
Schechter Poultry V. US. (NRA)
Butler v. US (AAA)
94
What were the acts created by Congress during the 1930s that reaffirmed U.S. neutrality?
- Neutrality Act of 1935
- Neutrality Act of 1936
95
What did the Neutrality Act of 1935 state?
- Prevented American businessmen from selling arms to nations at war
96
What did the U.S. Neutrality Act of 1936 state?
U.S. would not provide loans or credit to belligerent nations
97
What were some key acts during the first 100 days of the New Deal?
- FERA
- AAA
- CCC
- NRA
- PWA
- TVA
98
What did the AAA do?
Paid farmers subsides to limit number of livestock and crop acreage they produced
- Aimed to help farmers recover
99
What did the NRA do?
Attempted to stimulate economic recovery by setting industry codes for fair wages, hours, and working conditions while protecting workers’ rights to unionize
100
What did FERA do?
Provided state assistance to the unemployed and their families
101
What were some examples of banking reforms in the New Deal?
- Emergency Banking Relief Act 1933
- Glass-Stengel Act 1933
102
What did the Glass-Steagle Act do?
Insured consumer deposits reducing the risk of bank runs, preventing further panics
103
What was the FDIC?
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation created to insure bank deposits and restore public trust in the banks
104
What was the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934?
Granted the Philippines a path to independence from American rule
105
What was the Quarantine Speech of 1937?
Roosevelt advocated for an international quarantine against aggressive nation, essentially a form of economic embargo
106
Who opposed the Quarantine Speech?
Isolationists who disliked how the U.S. was trying to punish belligerent nations and was afraid it could cause another war
107
What was a significant novel that portrayed the Great Depression and the plight of migrant workers?
The Grapes of Wrath
108
What was the Four Freedoms Speech of 1941?
FDR’s vision for the world to have freedoms, showing his opposition to dictatorships
109
110
What were the causes of the rift in the Republican Party during the Taft Administration?
- Payne-Aldrich Tariff (Raised tariffs)
111
What were some conservationist groups created by the federal government?
- Department of the Interior (1849)
- US Fish Commission (1871)
112
What did the Department of the Interior do?
Responsible for the conservation of federal land and resources
113
What was an example of a school created to educate Natives (Force assimilation)
Carlisle Indian School
114
What was an example of a native reserve in the late 1800s?
Great Sioux Reserve
115
What is the SLCL?
Created the sit-in movement in Greensboro
116
What were some of the successes of the labor movement of the Gilded Age?
- Beginning of a national labor movement and union leader under Eugene Debs
117
What were ways the farmers organized during the Gilded Age?
- Grange Movement ( lobbied local politicians)
- Farmers Alliance
- Populist Party
118
What was the platform of the Populist party?
1. Government ownership of railroads
2. Free and unlimited coinage of silver
3. Graduated income tax
4. Direct election of senators
5. Use of initiatives and referendums
119
What were ways government intervention started during the Grange Movement?
- Grange Movement- Munn V. Illinois: states could regulate railroads
- Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
- Sherman Anti-Trust Act
120
What Supreme Court case overruled Munn V Illinois to limit government intervention?
Wabbash Case
121
What movements occurred during the Gilded Age within America
- Movement out west
- Urbanization
- Great Migration
122
What were examples of ways people excluded immigrants during the Gilded Age?
- Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
- Americab Protective Association
- Literacy Tests
123
What was the American Protective Association?
Anti-Catholic group made up of American Protestants
124
What were some challenges of Urbanization & immigration?
- Cities divided by class : Little Italy
- Law wages and dangerous working conditions
- Wealth inequality shown by conspicuous spending
- Tenement Housing was common (Jacob Riis)
- Child labor
- Political machines
125
How were urban challenges addressed during the Gilded Age?
- Gospel of Wealth: Belief wealthy had a moral obligation
- Settlement Houses
- Social Gospel
- Socialist Party & “Looking Backwards” by Edward Bellamy
- Progressive Movement later
126
How were social challenges addressed during the Gilded Age?
- NAWSA: Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- Booker T. Washington and the Tuskeged Institue
- Ida B Wells : Civil Rights and anti-lynching
127
How did Carter react to the Oil Embargo and lack of energy?
By increasing natural energy through acts such as:
- Dpeartment of Energy in 1977
- National Energy Act of 1978 - Deregulated oil and gasoline markets
128
What was Reagan’s new federalism?
Gave states greater control over federal money
129
What were ways Regan opposed environmentalism?
Cut funding g for Enviornmental Protection Agency
130
What’s the timeline of US foreign policy throughout Period 7?
1890s - 1917: US Expansion abroad
1917-1919: WW1
US rejects League of Nations
1919-1941: US isolationism
1941-1945: WW2
131
When was NAACP founded?
1909
132
What were motives for overseas expansion in Period 7?
- Frontier is Closed ( 1890 Census by Frederick Turner)
- ECONOMIC: Open up new markets abroad
POLITICAL: Desire to compete with other nations
STRATEGIC: Acquire naval bases (Alfred T Mahan)
IDEOLOGICAL: White Man’s Burden
133
Who advocated for imperialism for increased naval strength?
Alfred T Mahan
134
135
What were some examples of imperialism in Period 7?
- US Annexation of Hawaii
- Open Door Policy in China
- Spanish American War
136
What caused the Spanish American War?
- DeLome Letter
- Maine explosion
- Yellow Journalism
- Economic motives
137
Why is the end of the Spanish American War a turning point in US history?
US acquires overseas territories such as Cuba, Puerto Rico, Phillipines, and Guam
138
Who was a Filipino who led the Phillipines Independence Movement after it was conquered by US?
Emilio Aguinaldo
139
How did US foreign policy show overseas expansionism?
- Roosevelt’s Big Stick policy & Panama Canal
- Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy
- Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy
140
How did the US continue to be somewhat involved in world affairs during the interwar period?
- Washington Naval Conference
- Kellogg Briand Pact
141
What was a group that supported isolationism during the interwar period including the Neutrality Acts?
America 1st Committee
142
What societal challenges did Progressive reformers respond to?
- Economic instability
- Social Inequality
- Political corruption
143
Who largely made up the Progessive Movement?
Urban areas, middle class, and large participation by women
144
Who were some examples of female progressive reformers?
- Jane Addams Hull House in Chicago
- Florence Kelley in the National Consumer League
145
Who were some examples of environmentalist progressives?
John Muir (Sierra Club) & TR advocated for protection of natural resources
146
Who were some examples of political reformers in Progressive Era?
Robert La Follete’s Wisconsin Ideas lad to democratization (recall, referendum, initiative)
147
What were some examples of economic reforms during the Progressive Era?
Theodore Roosevelt uses Sherman Anti-Trust Act to break up monopolies
- Clayton Antitrust (1914) gave more power to govt to regulate trusts
- Creation of the Federal Reserve Bank: create a central bank to control the money supply
148
What are some examples of new technologies and consumer goods that changed lives for Americans and increased the standard of living in the 1920s?
- Radio
-Vacuum
- Model T
- Movie Industry
149
What are some opportunities for new groups in the 18902-1924?
- New Immigrants to work in industrial jobs
- Women got jobs in WW1 & WW2
- New technology such as telephone, vacuums, and washing machines created more job opportunities and leisure time for women
- African Americans: Mass Migration out of Jim Crow South to Northern cities
150
What were some examples of tensions that occurred during WW1 and Roaring 20s?
- Security v. Liberty: with Epsionage & Sedition Acts
Native v. Immigrant & Capitalist v. Radical: Sacco and Vanzetti and Red Scare
Native v. Immigrant: Immigrant Act of 1924
Fundamentalist v. Science: Scopes Trial
- Prohibition
- African Americans
151
What did the New Deal focus on?
- Relief
- Recovery
-Reform
152
What were key New Deal Porgrams?
- FDIC
- SEC
- AAA
-WPA
- Wagner Act
- Social Security
153
What did the FDIC do?
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insured bank deposits
154
How did African American voting patterns change ge during the New Deal?
Voted for democrats a switch from republicans
155
What are some popular New Deal programs today?
- Social Security
-FDIC
156
How did the need for jobs in war industries and agriculture work during WW2 lead to new opportunities for minorities?
- Women (Rosie the Riveter) got jobs in war industries
- Bracero Program allowed Mexican immigration
157
Tensions on the home front during WW2?
- Double V Campaign
- Fight for Executive Order 8802
- Japanese Internment
- Zoot Suit Riots
158
What were the Zoot Suits Riots
Riots between Mexican American US and US millitary personal
159
What were some technological advancements that aided the allied cause?
- Atomic bomb (Manhattan Program and sonar
160
What were some debates between the Big 3 during WW2?
- Tehran Conference
-= Atlantic Conference
- Yalta Conference
