Jacob’s Ultimate Review Flashcards
1
Q
When was Quebec founded?
A
1608
2
Q
What was an example of a crop created in the Carolina?
A
Rice
3
Q
What was the Coronado in SW US, 1540?
A
An attempt by the Spanish to find gold in the southwest and although they failed; they discovered the Grand Canyons for the first time
4
Q
What was the Judiciary Act of 1789?
A
Established he federal judiciary system of the US
5
Q
What book outlined the Nullification Theory?
A
Calhoun’s South Carolina Exposition
6
Q
Who was David Walker?
A
An abolitionist who was extremely radical with his book “Walkers’ Appeal”
7
Q
What was the impact of the Tariff of 1832?
A
The Nullification Crisis and threat of secession making it a compromise to appeal to South Carolina
8
Q
What caused the Panic of 1837?
A
-Rapid economic expansion
- Over-speculation
9
Q
What were the effects of the Panic of 1837?
A
- Widespread unemployment
- Loss of jobs for middle class
- Decline of democratic Party’s leadership
- Banking reform such as the Independent Treasury System
10
Q
What was the significance of the Tariff Bill of 1842?
A
- Reversed tariff reversals such as the Tariff of 1832 and was a continuation of Henry Clay’s American system
11
Q
What was the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1839?
A
Determined territorial disputes between US and Canada Ecspecially in Maine
12
Q
What were the effects of the Oregon Trail?
A
- Facilitated westward expansion
- Spurred economic growth
- Native American Displacement
13
Q
How did the Oregon Trail spur the economy?
A
- Created new markets for goods and services
- Industries like agriculture, mining, and logging flourished
- Businesses rose up along the trail offering services
14
Q
What was significant about the Election of 1844?
A
Polk beats Henry Clay
15
Q
What was the significance of Fredrick Douglass?
A
- Abolitionist leader
- “Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass and the American Slave”
16
Q
What was significant about the missionaries in the 1850s?
A
- Sought to convert Native Americans in the Oregon territory paving the way for western expansion
17
Q
Who was an example of a missionary in the 1850s?
A
Thomas Jefferson Bowen
18
Q
What was the Clayton-Buwler Treaty of 1852?
A
Prevented either US or Britain from getting exclusive rights to Panama Canal
19
Q
What were the effects of the Ostend Manifesto (1854)?
A
Proposed a shift in foreign policy advocating for the acquiring of Cuba from Spain
20
Q
What abolitionist groups sent people to Kansas to tilt the popular sovereignty of the state?
A
New England Emigrant Aid Company
21
Q
What was the Ex Parte Marryman?
A
Stated only Congress could suspend the writ of habeas corpus
22
Q
What was Habeas Corpus?
A
A legal principle that protects an individual’s right to not be unlawfully detained or imprisoned
23
Q
What was the significance of the Battle of Antietam?
A
Although a draw - was a Union victory because it held off Robert E. Lee and permitted Lincoln to deliver the Emancipation Proclamation
24
Q
What was the significance of the Battle of Gettysburg?
A
Widely considered the war’s turning point when the North beat Robert E. Lee. Led to Lincoln’s delivery of the Gettysburg Address
25
What was the Wade-Davis Bill?
- A majority of the state’s voters had to take the ironclad oath
- Had to abolish slavery
- Had to disqualify Confederate officials from holding office again
26
What was the Sand Creek Massacre?
Colorado army regiment killed a bunch of Native kids and women in Colorado
27
What was the purpose of the Freedman’s Bureau?
Tried to help freed slaves transition to a life of freedom and citizenship
28
What services were included in the Freedman’s Bureau?
- Established schools and training institutes
- Operated hospitals and provided basic medical care
29
When was the KKK established?
1865
30
What were the goals of the Grange?
- To improve the social and economic conditions of farmers and agricultural communities by banding together
- Reduce high shipping costs of goods
31
What was the impact of the Grange Movement?
- Led to later political movements such as populism
- Paved the way for the Interstate Commerce Act
32
What was the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887?
A federal law passed to regulate railroad rates and practices to ensure fair shipping for farmers
33
What was Munn. V. Illinois?
Upheld the right for states to regulate private industries that affect public interests, specifically focusing on grain elevator rates in Illinois
34
When was Munn V. Illinois?
1877
35
What was the Bland-Allison Act of 1878 a result of?
The economic anxiety and Panic of 1873 and the move towards a gold standard
36
What was the purpose of the Bland-Allison Act?
To increase the money supply and and improve the economic standing of farmers and debtors who benefitted from the increased access of silver
37
What did the Bland-Allison Act do?
Forced the US to buy a certain amount of silver and implement it into the economy as silver dollars
38
What was the book the exposed the US’s poor treatment of Natives?
Helen Hunt’s A Century of Dishonor in 1881
39
What were the impacts of the book “A Century of Dishonor” by Helen Hunt?
Sparked mass outrage and led to policy changes regarding natives in the late 19th and early 20th century
40
What were some groups that rose in the late 19th and early 29th century that advocated for Native rights?
- Women’s National Indian Association
- Indian Rights Association
41
How did a Century of Dishonor shift government policy towards natives?
From outright dispossession to assimilation of Natives
42
When was the Tuskegee Institute founded?
1881
43
What was the Tuskegee Institute?
A historically black college founded by Booker T. Washington
- Provided African Americans with vocational training
44
What was the movement led by Web Dubois that advocated for immediate equality for African Americans?
The Niagara Movement
45
What was the Credit Mobilier Scandal of 1872?
The Credit Mobilier Company bribed politicians with discounted stocks to keep a favorable relationship and to hide their corruption
46
What was the impact of the Credit Mobilier Scandal? ( What did it show about the Gilded Age)
- Highlighted the flaws of the political and economic system of the Gilded Age
- Demonstrated close ties between big business and government
- Shows economic inequality and corruption
47
What were the effects of the Pendleton Act of 1881?
Established a merit based system for federal employment, moving away from the Spoils System
48
What was the Foran Act of 1885?
Prevented any company or individual from bringing unskilled immigrants into the Americas for work
49
What was the Civil Rights Act of 1875?
Aimed to ensure equal treated for African Americans in public accommodations and transport
50
What did the Dawes-Severalty Act do?
Authorized the dividing of tribal lands into individual possesions
51
What was the impact of the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890?
- Increased prices on imported goods
- Highlights the tensions of protectionism and free trade
52
What was the impact of Morill Land Act of 1890?
Aimed to include African Americans by providing federal funding for Historically Black Colleges
53
54
How did the Morill Land Grant of 1862 impact society?
Allowed for colleges which focused on technology and mechanical arts
55
What was the Dawes Plan?
A financial agreement to help Germany recover from WW1 and stabilize its economy
56
What was the Employment Act of 1946?
established the principle that the federal government would be responsible for maintaining a high level of employment and economic stability
57
What were the causes of the Homestead Strike of 1892?
The Homestead Strike was caused by Carnegie’s attempt to break unions and cut wages
58
Describe the Homestead Strike of 1892
Workers went on strike at Carnegie’s steel mills and factories. It led to strike busters and violence
59
What was the impact of the Homestead Strike of 1892?
Gave the public the idea that labor unions were violent due to the violence that broke out between the workers and the Pinkerton agents
60
What were the causes of the Depression of 1893?
It was triggered by collapse of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and subsequent decline of the stock market
61
What were the impacts of the Depression of 1893?
- Led to the failure of 15,000 banks and businesses leading to widespread unemployment
- Shifted monetary debates to a call for bimetallism
- Spurred populist movement
- Coxey’s Army
62
What was Coxey’s Army?
63
What is an example of a way people advocated for increased government regulation in the 1900s and what spurred it?
- Coxey’s Army which was a protest march calling for the government to create jobs for unemployed through public works projects
- Spurred by Depression of 1893
64
What was the impact of Bryan’s Cross of Gold Speech?
- Shaped the Democratic Party platform around populist themes such as monetary systems
65
What were examples of tariffs in the late 19th century?
- McKinley Tariff
- Dingley Tariff
66
What was the letter that partially led to the Spanish-American War?
The DeLome Letter
67
What did the Teller Amendment state and how does it differ from later pieces of legislation?
That the US would not annex Cuba and let them have free reign. Different from the Platt Amendment which gave US economic control
68
What were some key pieces of legislation of the Square Deal for each part of Roosevelt’s Plan?
Conservation: Establishment of the U.S Forest Service of 1905 & the Antiquities Act making the Grand Canyon a national landmark
Consumer Control: Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 & Meat Inspection Act
Corporations: Elkins Act (Making rebates by railroads illegal)
69
What were the impacts of the Roosevelt Corollary?
Led to greater resentment of US by Latin American nations
70
What was the Hepburn Act of 1906?
Increased powers of ICC to regulate transportation industry and set maximum rates for railroads
71
What was the Root-Takahira Agreement?
- Agreed to acknowledge Japan’s influence and increased trade between the two nations
- Prevented a potential war by clarifying regions
72
What caused the rift in the Republican Party and led to the creation of the Bull-Moose Tariff?
Payne-Alrich Tariff
- Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
73
What was the Adamson Act of 1916?
- Known as the railroad labor act established 8-hour work days for railroad employees and established overtime pay
74
What were labor reform acts of the Progressive Era?
- The Adamson Act
- Child Labor Act of 1916
75
What was an act made prior to WW1 to help the U.S. mobilize for the war?
The Selective Service Act of 1917
76
What was the Washington Conference of 1921?
A crucial event in the aftermath of WW1 bringing together major naval powers to discuss naval disbarment and limitations
77
What was the impact of the Washington Conference of 1921?
- Led to a period of relative peace
- Failed to prevent the Japanese in WW2
78
Who was Margaret Sanger?
- Prominent birth control activist
- Played a crucial role in the early 20th century movement for women’s reproductive rights
- Founded Planned Parenthood
79
What were some women’s rights movements after the passage of the 19th Amendment in the early 20th century?
- Margaret Sanger and the movement for women’s reproductive rights
80
What was a key case that illustrated key themes of the 1920s such as nativism, the Red Scare, and the struggle for civil liberties?
Sacco and Vanzetti Case
81
What was the significance of the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act of 1922?
Increased cost of imported goods and increased U.S. protectionism
82
What was the name of tariff in the Progressive era that reduced costs of imported goods?
Underwood Tariff of 1913
83
What did the Teapot Dome Scandal illustrate?
Issues of corruption and exploitation of natural resources during post-WW1 economic challenges
84
What was the Teapot Dome Scandal?
US government secretly leased oil reserves to private companies in return for bribes
85
What was the name of the treaty where the nations agreed to renounce war as means of resolving diplomatic disputes?
Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928
86
What was an event that highlighted the economic struggles of the early 1930s?
The Bonus March of 1932 when veterans converged on DC to demand immediate payment of their bonuses
87
What did the Stimson Doctrine of 1932 state?
A policy of non-recognization to Japanese aggression
88
What are examples of ways American failed to prevent foreign aggression before WW2?
- Stimson Doctrine of 1932
89
What was the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934?
- Reversed the Dawes Act
- Restored some and and cultural autonomy lost by tribes due to previous legislation
- Shift from assimilation policies
90
How did US foreign policy with Natives change throughout American history?
- Early Contact - Enslavement & Conflict
- Early 1800s - Forced relocation
- Mid-Late 1800s - Conflict and forced assimilation
- 1930s+ - Redistribution of land
91
What was the labor acts which protected labor unions in the New Deal?
Wagner Act which guaranteed worker’s rights
92
What was a powerful labor union during the 1930s?
The Congress of Industrial Organizations by organizing workers in mass-production industries
93
What were examples of Supreme Court cases that deemed New Deal policies unconstituional?
Schechter Poultry V. US. (NRA)
Butler v. US (AAA)
94
What were the acts created by Congress during the 1930s that reaffirmed U.S. neutrality?
- Neutrality Act of 1935
- Neutrality Act of 1936
95
What did the Neutrality Act of 1935 state?
- Prevented American businessmen from selling arms to nations at war
96
What did the U.S. Neutrality Act of 1936 state?
U.S. would not provide loans or credit to belligerent nations
97
What were some key acts during the first 100 days of the New Deal?
- FERA
- AAA
- CCC
- NRA
- PWA
- TVA
98
What did the AAA do?
Paid farmers subsides to limit number of livestock and crop acreage they produced
- Aimed to help farmers recover
99
What did the NRA do?
Attempted to stimulate economic recovery by setting industry codes for fair wages, hours, and working conditions while protecting workers’ rights to unionize
100
What did FERA do?
Provided state assistance to the unemployed and their families
101
What were some examples of banking reforms in the New Deal?
- Emergency Banking Relief Act 1933
- Glass-Stengel Act 1933
102
What did the Glass-Steagle Act do?
Insured consumer deposits reducing the risk of bank runs, preventing further panics
103
What was the FDIC?
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation created to insure bank deposits and restore public trust in the banks
104
What was the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934?
Granted the Philippines a path to independence from American rule
105
What was the Quarantine Speech of 1937?
Roosevelt advocated for an international quarantine against aggressive nation, essentially a form of economic embargo
106
Who opposed the Quarantine Speech?
Isolationists who disliked how the U.S. was trying to punish belligerent nations and was afraid it could cause another war
107
What was a significant novel that portrayed the Great Depression and the plight of migrant workers?
The Grapes of Wrath
108
What was the Four Freedoms Speech of 1941?
FDR’s vision for the world to have freedoms, showing his opposition to dictatorships
109
110
What were the causes of the rift in the Republican Party during the Taft Administration?
- Payne-Aldrich Tariff (Raised tariffs)
111
What were some conservationist groups created by the federal government?
- Department of the Interior (1849)
- US Fish Commission (1871)
112
What did the Department of the Interior do?
Responsible for the conservation of federal land and resources
113
What was an example of a school created to educate Natives (Force assimilation)
Carlisle Indian School
114
What was an example of a native reserve in the late 1800s?
Great Sioux Reserve
115
What is the SLCL?
Created the sit-in movement in Greensboro
116
What were some of the successes of the labor movement of the Gilded Age?
- Beginning of a national labor movement and union leader under Eugene Debs
117
What were ways the farmers organized during the Gilded Age?
- Grange Movement ( lobbied local politicians)
- Farmers Alliance
- Populist Party
118
What was the platform of the Populist party?
1. Government ownership of railroads
2. Free and unlimited coinage of silver
3. Graduated income tax
4. Direct election of senators
5. Use of initiatives and referendums
119
What were ways government intervention started during the Grange Movement?
- Grange Movement- Munn V. Illinois: states could regulate railroads
- Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
- Sherman Anti-Trust Act
120
What Supreme Court case overruled Munn V Illinois to limit government intervention?
Wabbash Case
121
What movements occurred during the Gilded Age within America
- Movement out west
- Urbanization
- Great Migration
122
What were examples of ways people excluded immigrants during the Gilded Age?
- Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
- Americab Protective Association
- Literacy Tests
123
What was the American Protective Association?
Anti-Catholic group made up of American Protestants
124
What were some challenges of Urbanization & immigration?
- Cities divided by class : Little Italy
- Law wages and dangerous working conditions
- Wealth inequality shown by conspicuous spending
- Tenement Housing was common (Jacob Riis)
- Child labor
- Political machines
125
How were urban challenges addressed during the Gilded Age?
- Gospel of Wealth: Belief wealthy had a moral obligation
- Settlement Houses
- Social Gospel
- Socialist Party & “Looking Backwards” by Edward Bellamy
- Progressive Movement later
126
How were social challenges addressed during the Gilded Age?
- NAWSA: Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- Booker T. Washington and the Tuskeged Institue
- Ida B Wells : Civil Rights and anti-lynching
127
How did Carter react to the Oil Embargo and lack of energy?
By increasing natural energy through acts such as:
- Dpeartment of Energy in 1977
- National Energy Act of 1978 - Deregulated oil and gasoline markets
128
What was Reagan’s new federalism?
Gave states greater control over federal money
129
What were ways Regan opposed environmentalism?
Cut funding g for Enviornmental Protection Agency
130
What’s the timeline of US foreign policy throughout Period 7?
1890s - 1917: US Expansion abroad
1917-1919: WW1
US rejects League of Nations
1919-1941: US isolationism
1941-1945: WW2
131
When was NAACP founded?
1909
132
What were motives for overseas expansion in Period 7?
- Frontier is Closed ( 1890 Census by Frederick Turner)
- ECONOMIC: Open up new markets abroad
POLITICAL: Desire to compete with other nations
STRATEGIC: Acquire naval bases (Alfred T Mahan)
IDEOLOGICAL: White Man’s Burden
133
Who advocated for imperialism for increased naval strength?
Alfred T Mahan
134
135
What were some examples of imperialism in Period 7?
- US Annexation of Hawaii
- Open Door Policy in China
- Spanish American War
136
What caused the Spanish American War?
- DeLome Letter
- Maine explosion
- Yellow Journalism
- Economic motives
137
Why is the end of the Spanish American War a turning point in US history?
US acquires overseas territories such as Cuba, Puerto Rico, Phillipines, and Guam
138
Who was a Filipino who led the Phillipines Independence Movement after it was conquered by US?
Emilio Aguinaldo
139
How did US foreign policy show overseas expansionism?
- Roosevelt’s Big Stick policy & Panama Canal
- Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy
- Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy
140
How did the US continue to be somewhat involved in world affairs during the interwar period?
- Washington Naval Conference
- Kellogg Briand Pact
141
What was a group that supported isolationism during the interwar period including the Neutrality Acts?
America 1st Committee
142
What societal challenges did Progressive reformers respond to?
- Economic instability
- Social Inequality
- Political corruption
143
Who largely made up the Progessive Movement?
Urban areas, middle class, and large participation by women
144
Who were some examples of female progressive reformers?
- Jane Addams Hull House in Chicago
- Florence Kelley in the National Consumer League
145
Who were some examples of environmentalist progressives?
John Muir (Sierra Club) & TR advocated for protection of natural resources
146
Who were some examples of political reformers in Progressive Era?
Robert La Follete’s Wisconsin Ideas lad to democratization (recall, referendum, initiative)
147
What were some examples of economic reforms during the Progressive Era?
Theodore Roosevelt uses Sherman Anti-Trust Act to break up monopolies
- Clayton Antitrust (1914) gave more power to govt to regulate trusts
- Creation of the Federal Reserve Bank: create a central bank to control the money supply
148
What are some examples of new technologies and consumer goods that changed lives for Americans and increased the standard of living in the 1920s?
- Radio
-Vacuum
- Model T
- Movie Industry
149
What are some opportunities for new groups in the 18902-1924?
- New Immigrants to work in industrial jobs
- Women got jobs in WW1 & WW2
- New technology such as telephone, vacuums, and washing machines created more job opportunities and leisure time for women
- African Americans: Mass Migration out of Jim Crow South to Northern cities
150
What were some examples of tensions that occurred during WW1 and Roaring 20s?
- Security v. Liberty: with Epsionage & Sedition Acts
Native v. Immigrant & Capitalist v. Radical: Sacco and Vanzetti and Red Scare
Native v. Immigrant: Immigrant Act of 1924
Fundamentalist v. Science: Scopes Trial
- Prohibition
- African Americans
151
What did the New Deal focus on?
- Relief
- Recovery
-Reform
152
What were key New Deal Porgrams?
- FDIC
- SEC
- AAA
-WPA
- Wagner Act
- Social Security
153
What did the FDIC do?
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insured bank deposits
154
How did African American voting patterns change ge during the New Deal?
Voted for democrats a switch from republicans
155
What are some popular New Deal programs today?
- Social Security
-FDIC
156
How did the need for jobs in war industries and agriculture work during WW2 lead to new opportunities for minorities?
- Women (Rosie the Riveter) got jobs in war industries
- Bracero Program allowed Mexican immigration
157
Tensions on the home front during WW2?
- Double V Campaign
- Fight for Executive Order 8802
- Japanese Internment
- Zoot Suit Riots
158
What were the Zoot Suits Riots
Riots between Mexican American US and US millitary personal
159
What were some technological advancements that aided the allied cause?
- Atomic bomb (Manhattan Program and sonar
160
What were some debates between the Big 3 during WW2?
- Tehran Conference
-= Atlantic Conference
- Yalta Conference
161
What are the big ideas of Period 4?
- Relationship between federal and state governments will continue to evolve
- Rapid, economic, territorial, and demographic changes
- Sectionalism will increase
- New Republican will both extend democratic rights and continue to struggle to define and extend democratic ideals to all Americans
-Various reform movements
162
What was U.S. foreign policy in period 4?
- Expand its territory westward
- Increase foreign trade
- Isolate itself from foreign affairs
163
Why did people move west in period 4?
1) Natural population growth
2) Immigration increases (Irish, German, English)
3) Transportation Improvements
4) Cotton production increases and slavery expands west
5) Threats removed from the continent
6)
164
What are some examples of transportation improvements during the Transportation Revolution?
Erie Canal
Cumberland Road
Railroads
165
What were some ways threats were removed from North America during Period 4?
- Louisiana Purchase
- British War of 1812
- Spain Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
- Native American defeats
166
What was the name of the treaty that sold the US Florida?
Adams-Onis Treaty 1819
167
What were some examples of ways Natives were defeated in period 4? (5 examples)
- Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)
- First Seminole War - (1816-1818)
- Indian Removal Act of 1830
- Worcester V. Georgia of 1832
- Trail of Tears
168
What were some ways the U.S. struggled for neutrality in Period 4?
- Chesapeake Leopard Affair 1807 -> Embargo Act -> Non-Intercourse Act 1809 -> Macon’s Bill #2
169
170
Why did the US engage in the War of 1812?
- US must defend neutrality against impressment
- Defend national honor
- British forts on US soil
- Tecumseh and other natives supported by British
- Desire for Canada
171
How did the US continue to expand its global presence in Period 4?
- Louisiana Purchase
- Barbary Pirates War
- War of 1812
- Rush-Bagot Treaty- Great Lakes disbarment agreement between US and Britain
- British American Convention 1818
- Adams-Onis Treaty
- Monroe Doctrine (1823)
- “Lone Star Republic”
- Oregon 54-40 or Fight
- Mexican-American War
172
What did the Monroe Doctrine state?
No more colonization in Western Hemisphere and nonintervention in European affairs
173
What did the Rush-Bagot Treaty state?
Great Lakes Disarment agreement between England and US to avoid potential war
174
What did the Election of 1844 show?
James K. Polk and Manifest Destiny
175
What was decided at the British American Convention of 1818?
Joint occupation of Oregon between US and England and shared Newfoundland fishing rights
176
How did Nationalism increase culturally during Period 4?
- Hudson River School - Landscape painting of Hudson River Valley
- John James Audobon study of birds in America
177
How did economic nationalism increase during Period 4?
American System by Henry Clay
178
How did political nationalism increase during period 4?
Only One Political party democratic-republican after War of 1812
- Era of Good Feelings
- Adoption of some federalist ideas
179
What were some examples of political disputes during the Era of Good Feelings?
The tariff and slavery
180
What were the main idea in politics from 1800-1848?
1. Election of 1800: 1st peaceful transition of power
2. Era of Good Feelings with one political party from 1816-1819
3. Factions within the Republican Party reveal tensions
4. Election of 1824: Corrupt Bargain
5. Age of the Common Man with new state suffrage laws and universal white male suffrage
6. Election of Andrew Jackson
7. Rise of second New Party System
181
What were the major disputes of the 2nd Two-Party System?
The Bank and Veto power of Jackson
182
Who were left out of the New National Culture in Period 4?
1. Women: Cult of Domesticity
2. African Americans: Proslavery arguments, racism in North and South
3. Native People: Native Resistance met by forced removal
183
What was the Cult of Domesticity?
A woman’s place was in the domestic sphere
184
What was an example of women’s rights movement in Period 4?
The Seneca Falls Convention and the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments
185
186
What were two ways state governments resisted federal authority in Period 4?
North: Hartford Convention when New England Federalist consider secession
South: Nullification Crisis - South Carolina vetos Tariff of 1828
187
What was the solution to the Nullification Crisis?
The Force Bill and the Compromise Tariff of 1833
188
What are some examples of sectionalism plaguing the nation in Period 4?
- 2nd National Bank of the American System (North)
- Internal Transportation Improvements (West)
- Protective Tariff of 1816 (North)
- Missouri Issue and the Missouri Compromise
- Nullification Crisis
- National Bank Debate and “Pet Banks”
189
How was commitment to the Union shown in Period 4 despite increased nationalism?
- Wayne Hayne Debate 1830 between Mass and SC
- Webster rejects idea that a state could defy or leave Union
190
How did the Supreme Court increase the power of the federal government?
- John Marshall
- Mculluch V Maryland
- Marbury V Madison
- Gibbons V Ogden
191
What did Gibbons V Odgen state?
States could not regulate interstate commerce, federal government does
192
What was the Regional Sectional identity of the South in Period 4?
- Cotton Gin transforms cotton production
- Southern plantation artiocratic class (slaves were high status indicators)
- Support of slavery despite minority hold
- Code of Chivalry: Strong sense of honor
- Defensive of slavery
193
What were ways the South defended slavery in period 4?
-George Fitzhugh defended slavery as a positive good and that it was better than factory labor in north
- Use of religion
194
What was life like under slavery for African Americans in period 4?
- Extended family and slave spiritual conversions with 2nd Great Awakening
- Forced laboe
195
What were some examples of slave resistance in Period 4?
- Sabotage, Runaways, Slowdowns
- Rebellions
196
What were some examples of slave rebellions in Period 4?
- Denmark Vessey (1822) betrayed
- Nat Turner Rebellion (1831)
197
What was the effect of slave rebellions in the south during Period 4?
- Stricter slave codes passed
198
How did the Abolitionist Movement grow in the North during period 4?
- Free black population
- David Walker “An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World” 1829
- American Colonization Society
- William Lloyd Garrison and Amerixab Anti-Slavery Society, Liberator
199
What was the Regional Identidy of the North in period 4?
Rise of Manufacturing
200
How did manufacturing rise in the North during Period 4? (What technology)
- Samuel Slater- Father of the Factory System
- Eli Whitney’s Interchangeable Parts
- Steam Enhines reduced transportation costs
- Lowell System in Mass
201
What was the Lowell Factory System?
Factory in Mass. Worked by New England farm daughters
202
What was was the case that allowed labor unions in Period 4?
Commonwealth V. Hunt
203
What was the North’s identity?
- Rise of manufacturing
- Immigration and Nativism (Know Nothing Party)
204
What was the Second Great Awakening?
Spiritual Reform Movements ( Religious Revivalism)
205
Who was a preacher in the 2nd Great Awakening?
Charles Finney
206
What were some reform movements in Period 4 linked to the 2nd Great Awakening?
Temperance: American Temperance Society
Prison Reform: Dorothea Dix
Abolitonalism: Garrison
Women’s Rights: Seneca Falls
Education: Horace Mann
Utopian Societies
207
What were some examples of Utopian Societies in Period 4?
- Mormons
- Brooks Farms
- Oneida
208
What were the materials the Spanish extracted from the Americas during their colonization?
Silver, gold, sugar
209
Which colonists had a strong catholic missionary prescense?
The French and the Dutch
210
Due the lack of French people, the French often intermarried with the:
Dutch and Natives
211
What are the big ideas of Period 2?
- English colonies were allowed to govern their own affairs and often ignored mercantile laws
- Similarities and differences in colonizers
- Complex Relationships between Natives and Europeans
-Slavery
212
Why were there diverse patterns of colonization between the different colonizers?
- Different imperial goals
- Different cultures
- Different environments
213
What was the first permeant Spanish settlement?
Saint Augustine in 1565
214
What economic policy did the Spanish use?
Mercantilism
215
What’s a rebellion against the Spanish Empire and was somewhat successful?
The Pueblo Revolt
216
How did the French and Dutch have similar colonial styles?
- Relatively few Europeans
- Intermarriage with Indians
- Trade Alliances with Natives
217
What was a way the Spanish and French settlements had similar colonial styles?
Both spread Catholicism to the Natives:
- Catholic Jesuit Missionaries by French
- Spanish Missionaries
218
Who was the father of New France?
Samuel de Champlain
219
What was a way the French settlements were similar to British settlements?
- Escaped religious persecution:
- French Huguenots
- Pilgrims
220
What was an alliance with Natives made by the French?
Huron Alliance
221
What was the New France economy dependent on?
Fur tribe
222
What was the name for fiercely independent French fur traders?
coureurs de bois
223
Where did the Dutch settle?
New York
224
What was demographics of Dutch colonies?
Diverse
225
What was an example of competition between the French and Dutch colonies?
The Beaver Wars
226
Why were English colonies different from their European rivals?
1. Large number of men and women
2. Established permanent economic settlements
3. Hostile relationship with Native people
227
Why were there regional differences between the British colonies?
1). Who came
2) Why they came
3) Environmental and geographical features
228
What were the motives of New England colonizers and what are some examples of this?
- Puritan religious motives:
Pilgrims, Puritans.,
229
Who is an example of a pilgrim?
William Bradford
230
What was the name of the “constitution” of Plymouth?
Mayflower Compact
231
What was New England colonial society like?
- Puritan religious motives for colonies
- Close-knit homogeneous society
- Mixed economy agriculture and trade (shipbuilding)
-Intolerant of other religions
232
What are ways the close-knit homogenous society of the New England colonies was demonstrated?
- Town Hall Meetings
- Harvard University (train ministers)
233
What are some ways the New England colonies were not a close-knit homogenous society?
- Roger Williams banished to Rhode Island
- Anne Hutchinson
- Salem Witch Trials
- Half-Way Covenant
234
What were the Middle colonies like?
Diverse demographically, religiously, ethnically,
235
How is religious diversity of the middle colonies demonstrated?
Quakers and William Penn’s Holy Experiment
236
How was ethnic diversity of the middle colonies shown?
- Dutch presence (NY)
- Germans
- Scot-Irish
237
What is overspeculation?
Risky ventures in stocks usually on borrowed money with the expectations on quick gains
238
When were the Zoot Suit Riots?
1943
239
What was the first English settlement?
Jamestown in 1607
240
Who founded the Virginia colony (Jamestown colony)?
Virginia Company of London (Corporate Colony)
241
What was an example of challenge during the Jamestown settlement?
Starving Time when the rich people weren’t accustomed to working and the colony wasn’t profitable
242
How did Jamestown survive the Starving time and become prosperous?
- John Smith discipline
- John Rolfe and the cultivation of cash crops such as tobacco (plantation economy)
243
What was the labor force of the Jamestown colony?
White indentured servants but became African slaves after Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676
244
Who founded the Maryland colony?
Lord Baltimore
245
What was the purpose of the Maryland colony?
- Catholic refuge
- Act of Religious Toleration (1649)
246
What are the Chesapeake colonies characterized by?
By their cultivation and exportation of tobacco
247
What were the Southern Colonies like?
West Indies - sugar plantations
- Slave labor cash crops such as rice and indigo
- Majority of the population was slaves
248
What were some examples of cash crops in the southern colonies?
Rice and indigo
249
How did the ethnic diversity of the British colonies differ?
Southern colonies: Majority slave population in many states
New England colonies: Majority Puritans
Pennsylvania & Breadbasket: Germans and Scott-Irish
250
How did the economies of the colonies of the English colonies differ?
- Southern: Rice production
- Northern: Mixed Production
- Middle Colonies: Cereal Crops Agriculture
251
What was the colonies’ religious identity?
Development of religious freedom and diversity
252
How was the development of religious freedom and diversity exhibited in the colonies?
- Rhode Island: Roger Williams est. separation of church and state
- Pennsylvania: William Penn & the Quakers & religious toleration
- Maryland: Have for Catholics & “Acts of Religious Toleration”
- First Great Awakening
253
Who were some preachers in the 1st Great Awakening?
- George Whitfield
- Jonathan Edwards
254
What did the First Great Awakening impact?
- Promotes religious diversity
- Challenging authority with democratization of religion
255
When was the First Great Awakening?
1730s
256
How was a colonial identity developed politically?
Development of democratic institutions
257
What are some examples of democratic institutions in the colonies?
- Mayflower Compact: early colonial self-governance
- New England Colonies: Town Hall Meetings for adult male church members
- Virginia: House of Burgesses (1619) 1st representative assembly
- Pennsylvania: Elected representative assemblies
- Trial by jury
- Impact of Enlightenment ideas
258
Who were some colonist excluded from politics?
- African Americans
- Women
- Non-land owning white settlers
259
How were the colonies anglicized?
- Political systems based on British models
- English legal traditions
- Commercial ties to England
- Enlightenment ideas
- Religious influences
260
How did the colonies’ interests different from England’s and cause conflicts?
- Mercantile laws attempted to restrict the economic activities of the colonies
- Dominion of New England: increase royal control over colonies
- Westward Expansion
261
What was an example of a mercantile law created to restrict economic activities of the colonists?
- Navigation Acts: (Only trade with England, English ships, ports, enumerated goods)
- Molasses Act: Intended to tax colonies
262
How did colonists oppose the Navigation Acts?
Smuggling and trading with British rivals
263
What was the Dominion of New England?
Sir Edmund Andre’s restrict political and economic rights of colonists and was put down with the Glorious Revolution
264
What’s a way the British attempted to restrict westward expansion of colonists?
Proclamation of 1763
265
Which colonizers attempted to accommodate some aspects of Native culture?
Spain and France
266
When did African chattel slavery emerge in North America?
1619
267
Why did slavery emerge in the colonies?
- Lots of land
- Shortage of indentured servants
- Could not enslave Natives due to diseases
- Growing European demand for colonial goods
268
What was the effect of British beliefs of racial superiority?
- Enslaved black people for life
- Violent confrontations with Natives such as Powhatan Wars
269
What were some examples of conflicts in the colonies between colonizers and natives and other oppressed people?
- Pequot Wars 1630s in New England
- King Phillips War in New England (1670)s
- Anglo-Powhatan Wars in Chesapeake (1610s-40s)
- Bacon’s Rebellion 1676 in Chesapeake with frontiersmen
- Stono’s Rebellion in 1739 in South
- Pueblo Revolt 1680
270
When was Stono’s Rebellion and what were the impacts?
1739 and increased restrictions on slavery
271
What were some examples of conflicts in the French and Dutch colonies?
Beaver Wars in mid-17th century which included Native alliances
272
273
Why did Irish people immigrate to the US?
Potato crop failures in the 1840s
274
Where did Irish immigrants settle and what jobs did they work?
Large citiies such as Boston and NY and in unskilled laborer jobs
275
What political party do the Irish immigrants support in period 5?
Democrats such as Tammany Hall in NY
276
What were the characteristics of the German immigrants?
- Extremely diverse
- Mix of religions
- Wide variety of social classes
- Settled in old Northwest and Frontier
- Develop tight-knit communities
277
Why did Nativism rise in the 1840s?
- Took jobs from “native” Americans
- Would outvote the “Native” Americans and ruin Anglo culture
- Many were Roman Catholics and threatened the popularity of Protestantism
278
Who was a political group that formed due to increased immigration?
Know Nothing Party
279
Why was there a lot of enthusiasm for territorial expansion in the 1800s?
1) Economic
2) National Security Interest
3) Claims of US racial and cultural superiority
280
What the belief of Manifest Destiny?
Belief that it was America’s Destiny to conquer and civilize the entire continent
- Built upon white superiority
281
What artwork shows Manifest Destiny?
American Progess
282
What were some examples of American expansion in Period 5?
- Oregon Treaty 1846 - 54 40 or Fight
- Texas Annexed in 1845
- Mexican-Amerixan War and Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
283
What were some examples of Americans mowing westward in period 5?
1847- Mormons had traveled west for religious refuge in Utah
1848- CA Gold Rush
284
Why did people move westward in period 5?
- Economic Opportunities
- Religious Refuge
- Government Policies
- Start Farms
285
What were some policies that led to westward expansion in period 5?
- Pacific Railroad Act 1962
- Homestead Act of 1862
286
What are some examples of mining booms in Period 5?
- CA Gold Rush
- Comstock Lodge
- Pike’s Peak
287
What was the Homestead Act?
Offered public land (160 acres) to any person who farmed it for 5 years
288
How did the environment change in period 5 because of westward expansion?
- Buffalo decline
- Removal of grass on Great Plains which led to soil erosion and degradation of land
289
Why was there a huge decline in buffalo population in period 5?
- Killed to make way for railroad
- Undermine Native resistance
- Demand for buffalo hides
290
What were some Native conflicts in period 5 caused by westward expansion?
- Sand Creek Massacre 1864
- Battle of Little Big Horn 1876
- Native American forced assimilation and reservations
291
What was a demographic change due to westward expansion in period 5?
More Hispanic people as Hispanic residents in Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo labs were granted property and citizenship rights
292
What was a technology that facilitated increased relations with Asia in period 5?
Clipper Ships
293
What were some examples of US diplomatic relations with Asia in period 5?
- Treaty of Wanghia
- Japan opens up because of Commodore Matthew Perry
294
What was the Treaty of Wanghia of 1844?
First diplomatic relations between US and China
- Gial was to promote trade
- Missionaries went to China
