Italy Booklet 4 1861-70 Flashcards
Obstacle - The French and Austrians
What did Napoleon agree to at the September Convention?
evacuate Rome if the capital of Italy was Florence
Obstacle - The French and Austrians
When was the September Convention?
1864
Obstacle - The French and Austrians
Which PM agreed to the September Convention, resulting in VEII sacking him?
Minghetti
Obstacle - The French and Austrians
How many people died rioting the change of the capital in Turin?
23
Obstacle - The French and Austrians
Who supported Austria?
The Great Powers
Obstacle - The French and Austrians
How was Austria weakened externally to Italy?
Increased Prussian power: made a free Trade treaty with France in 1862 and excluded Austria
Obstacle - Cavour’s Death
When and what of did Cavour die?
June 1861 to malaria
Obstacle - Cavour’s Death
What 5 PM’s followed in 5 years?
Ricasoli, Rattazzi, Farini, Minghetti, La Marmora
Obstacle - Cavour’s Death
Why was Rattazzi seen as anti-Italian?
Sent troops to stop Garibaldi so as not to upset France
Obstacle - Cavour’s Death
Why did Rattazzi have to send troops against Garibaldi?
In 1862 Garibaldi set up the Society for the Emancipation of Rome and tried to attack Rome
Obstacle - Cavour’s Death
Which PM tried to stab the king?
Farini
Obstacle - Cavour’s Death
What classes of people made up government?
Piedmontese nobility and the educated middle class
Obstacle - Cavour’s Death
An all male parliament was elected by what % of the population?
2%
Obstacle - Cavour’s Death
How many members of parliament were elected by how many voters?
443 members by 150,000 voters
Obstacle - Cavour’s Death
What was unified across Italy?
- single criminal legal code (except for Tuscany)
- Italian navy and army
- unified education system
Obstacle - the Papacy
What was fractious cohabitation?
An uneasy relationship between church and state
Obstacle - the Papacy
What else was threatening the church at the time?
- Darwin’s origin of the species 1859
- Theologians such as French Catholic Renan’s theory that the Bible shouldn’t be presumed as accurate
Obstacle - the Papacy
What was the Syllabus of Errors?
Pope rejecting all modern ideas
Obstacle - the Papacy
When was the Syllabus of Errors?
1864
Obstacle - the Papacy
What did the state do in retaliation to the Syllabus of Errors?
Increase church taxes and demand they hand over property
Obstacle - the Papacy
What was the Dogma of Papal Infallibility?
Stated the pope’s belief if indisputable
Obstacle - the Papacy
When was the Dogma of Papal Infallibility proclaimed?
1870
Obstacle - the Papacy
How much land has the pope lost?
2/3
Obstacle - the Southern Question
Give an example of how the voting systems were corrupt
In Nice, the “no” slips weren’t even brought to the voting stations so you had to vote yes
Obstacle - the Southern Question
Give an example of how the North didn’t understand the South
1859 the Casati Law made primary education compulsory, yet it didn’t happen in the South as the majority were illiterate
Obstacle - the Southern Question
What did Cavour crush in the south?
Any opposition including bourbons, soldiers, Garibaldini, peasants demanding reform
Obstacle - the Southern Question
What did Cavour order Farini and when?
To crush opposition in the south following an October 1860 uprising by Bourbon agents
Obstacle - Piedmontisation
The legal system of Naples was changed by how many decrees in how many days and when?
53 decrees in 2 days
Feb 1861
Obstacle - Piedmontisation
How many provinces was the new kingdom divided into?
53
Obstacle - Piedmontisation
Give examples of things that were standardised
Coins, weights, customs
Obstacle - Piedmontisation
How was education payed for?
By attacking the church
Obstacle - Piedmontisation
How many church monasteries were dissolved?
2382
Obstacle - Piedmontisation
What did dissolving monasteries cause?
Deprived areas in south of charitable institutions
Obstacle - Piedmontisation
Why was the jury system not effective in the south?
The mafia would corrupt and intimidate jurors
Obstacle - Piedmontisation
Why was Lombardy unhappy with Piedmontisation?
Had previously been promised their own legal and education system and a local govt
Obstacle - Piedmontisation
Who introduced it?
La Mamora with an emergency decree
Obstacle - Piedmontisation
Why did Tuscany manage to regain Tuscan customs and legal systems?
Was ruled by the powerful Baron Ricasoli
Obstacle - The Brigands’ War
When was the war?
1861-65
Obstacle - The Brigands’ War
Who were Brigands?
Bandits who lived in the mountains/forests and were seen as protectors of the south
Obstacle - The Brigands’ War
How much debt was being payed off by higher taxes?
2.5 billion Lire
Obstacle - The Brigands’ War
What was introduced, causing starvation as no one could harvest the land?
Conscription
Obstacle - The Brigands’ War
In what year did how many men take to the hills to avoid military service?
1861, 25000 men
Obstacle - The Brigands’ War
Why did many Bourbon soldiers flee to the mountains?
Piedmontese General Cialdini ordered they be shot if found with weapons
Obstacle - The Brigands’ War
How many convicts were in the Brigands?
10,000
Obstacle - The Brigands’ War
By 1862 how many Brigands were there?
82,000
Obstacle - The Brigands’ War
How many soldiers did Piedmont deploy to deal with the Brigand threat?
120,000
Obstacle - The Brigands’ War
In what year were 90,000 troops engaged in peace keeping (more than used against Austria)?
1863
Obstacle - The Brigands’ War
Name a leader of the Brigands
Crocco
Obstacle - The Brigands’ War
What happened in Palermo in the week-long rebellion in 1866?
Murder of govt officials and three days of bitter street-fighting
Obstacle - Economic and Social
How much was the debt by 1861?
2,450 million Lire
Obstacle - Economic and Social
When was the Flour tax?
1865
Obstacle - Economic and Social
What fraction of Italian bonds were in foreign hands?
1/3
Obstacle - Economic and Social
By what year, did what % of state expenditure was spent on the debts?
1866 60%
Obstacle - Economic and Social
When was the Grist Tax introduced?
1868
Obstacle - Economic and Social
How many deaths and wounded were there in riots against the Grist tax?
250 dead 1000 wounded
Obstacle - Economic and Social
How many million acres of church land was sold in how many years?
9 million acres in 9 years
Obstacle - Economic and Social
Why were Latifundia owners problematic?
Enclosed land and removed common land for farminf
Obstacle - Economic and Social
What % of each year’s produce was used for debt repayment?
30%
Obstacle - Economic and Social
How many people were employed in industry in 1861?
3 million people
Obstacle - Economic and Social
How many km of railway in Italy by unification?
2,773km
Obstacle - Economic and Social
When were the Venetian and Lombard railway systems linked together?
1857
Obstacle - Economic and Social
Where had no railways at all?
Sicily and Sardinia
Obstacle - Economic and Social
Which industry was hindered in the south and where?
Olive oil industry in Apulia
Obstacle - Economic and Social
When did railways pass to private hands as the govt couldn’t afford them?
1865
When was the Mount Cenis tunnel completed linking Italy and France?
1871
What was the economy called in its state?
A dual economy
