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A-Level History > Britain 2: cause of factory reform > Flashcards

Britain 2: cause of factory reform Flashcards

1
Q

What are the factors for factory reform?

A
  • pressure groups
  • work of individuals
  • parliament
  • change in govt attitude
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2
Q

Work of individuals

Who led the 10 hour movement?

A

Richard Oastler

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3
Q

Work of individuals

How many copies did Chadwick’s health report sell?

A

100,000 colies

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4
Q

Work of individuals

Who created the General Board of Health?

A

Chadwick

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5
Q

Work of individuals

What is an issue with Chadwick’s actions?

A

He was widely disliked, limiting his impact

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6
Q

Work of individuals

Who was John Simon?

A

The first London Medical Officer of Health

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7
Q

Work of individuals

What did John Simon influence?

A

Weekly inspections of poor parts of cities

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8
Q

Work of individuals

What did John Simon introduce every Monday?

A

The 9 city registrars had to provide the number and cause of death in area

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9
Q

Work of individuals

What did William Farr do?

A

Wrote annual letters to the registrar-general on the causes of deaths in England

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10
Q

Work of individuals

Who set up the Royal Sanitary Commission and when?

A

John Simon in 1868

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11
Q

Reforms affecting living conditions

When was the first Public Health Act?

A

1848

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12
Q

Reforms affecting living conditions

Who introduced the first Public Health Act?

A

Lord Morpeth

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13
Q

Reforms affecting living conditions

What was the impact of the Public Health Act?

A

The creation of the Central Board of Health to oversee the adequate provision of sanitation resources

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14
Q

Reforms affecting living conditions

Only in areas of a mortality rate of what did a board of health have to be established?

A

23 in every 1000

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15
Q

Reforms affecting living conditions

What did the Burial Acts do?

A

Created a public network of cemeteries in London and charged a poor rate to maintain them

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16
Q

Reforms affecting living conditions

When were the Burial Acts?

A

1852-57

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17
Q

Reforms affecting living conditions

What did the Sanitary Act do?

A

Make sanitary inspections compulsory for local corporations, and required them to maintain records of these

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18
Q

Reforms affecting living conditions

When was the Sanitary Act?

A

1866

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19
Q

Protests

Where was Luddism based?

A

In Nottingham

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20
Q

Protests

When were the first threatening letters sent from Luddites?

A

1811

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21
Q

Protests

In 3 weeks, how many stocking frames were destroyed by the luddites?

A

200

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22
Q

Protests

How many troops were sent to Luddite active areas?

A

12,000

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23
Q

Protests

In Feb 1812, how many frames were destroyed, of a value of what?

A

1000 frames between £6000-£10,000

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24
Q

Protests

Who was the anti-Luddite mil owner that was killed?

A

William Horsfield

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25
Q

Protests

In 1812, how many men in Lancashire were killed and transported?

A

18 killed, 13 transported

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26
Q

Protests

What law was passed and when to stop the Luddites?

A

1812 Frame Breaking Act

27
Q

Protests

When were the Swing Riots?

28
Q

Protests

What caused the swing riots?

A

Hunger politics due to poor harvests

29
Q

Protests

What did the swing riots threaten in letters?

A

To set fire to hay ricks or break threshing machines

30
Q

Protests

How long did the swing riots last for?

31
Q

Protests

How much riot damage did the swing riots cause?

32
Q

Protests

How much arson damage did the swing riots cause?

33
Q

Protests

How many swing rioters were sentenced to death?

34
Q

Protests

How many swing rioters were transported?

35
Q

What other protests were happening?

A
  • Chartism
  • Friendly societies
  • Trade Unions
36
Q

Protests

Who formed Short Term Committees?

A

Spinners and weavers in Huddersfield and Leeds

37
Q

Protests

What did Short Term Committee campaign for?

A

Legislation and persuading people to sign petitions

38
Q

Protests

By what year were there how many Short Term Committees?

39
Q

Protests

How many Short Term Committees were there in Yorkshire?

40
Q

Protests

How many Short Term Committees were there in Lancashire?

41
Q

Protests

How many Short Term Committees were there in Scotland and Nottingham?

A

Scotland = 2
Nottingham = 1

42
Q

Work of individuals

What was the first industrialisation novel and when was it published?

A

Michael Armstrong: Factory Boy in 1840

43
Q

Work of individuals

How much did the first industrial novel cost?

A

1 shilling a month (it was released in parts)

44
Q

Protests

Who joined in the campaign for the Ten Hour day?

A

A group of factory children in Manchester

45
Q

Work of individuals

Who wrote the first industrialisation novel?

A

Frances Trollope

46
Q

Parliamentary Actions

How many factory inspectors did the govt appoint to enforce the 1833 Factory Act in how many mills?

A

4 inspectors across 4000 mills

47
Q

Parliamentary Actions

What were the terms of the 1833 Factory Act?

A
  • no children under 9
  • no night work for under 18s
  • compulsory 1.5hr break
  • 4 inspectors appointed
48
Q

Parliamentary Actions / individuals

Who unsuccessfully tried to introduce factory bills in 1838, 1839 and 1840?

A

Lord Ashley (Tory MP for Dorset)

49
Q

Work of Individuals

What did Lord Ashley do?

A

Chair a committee looking into the 1833 factory act, and suggested further reform

50
Q

Parliamentary Actions

What did the Mines Act do?

A

Ban underground employment of children under 10 and women

51
Q

Parliamentary Actions

When was the Mines Act?

52
Q

Parliamentary Actions/individuals

Who unsuccessfully introduced a bill regulating children’s working hours, and when?

A

Sir James Graham, Home Secretary, in 1843

53
Q

Parliamentary Actions

What happened to Sir James Grahams bill?

A

A modified version became law as the 1844 Factory Act

54
Q

Parliamentary Actions

What did the 1844 Factory Act do?

A
  • night work for women was forbidden
  • more inspectors
  • children allowed to work at age 8, but not more than 6.5hrs a day
55
Q

Parliamentary Actions

Which act introduced the 10hr day for women and children, and who was instrumental in this?

A

1847 Factory Act - John Fielden

56
Q

Parliamentary Actions

How did factory owners manage to avoid the 10hr day?

A

There was no law on when the working hours had to be, so relays started (shifts)

57
Q

Parliamentary Actions

In 1850, what did the govt do?

A

Make relays illegal for women and children, but increased the working day to 10.5hrs as a concession

58
Q

Parliamentary Actions

What did the 1853 Factory Act do?

A

Restricted working hours from 6am-6pm

59
Q

Parliamentary Actions

When was the Factories Act extended, and to who?

A

1867 to all factories employing 50 or more workers

60
Q

Parliamentary Actions

Name an MP who opposed reforms

A

Lord Althorp

61
Q

Work of Individuals

Who argue that profits were made in the last hour of the working day in cotton mills?

A

Nassau Senior, a political economist

62
Q

Work of Individuals

What did Thomas Babington Macauley argue?

A

If conditions were bad for children, they would be less effective later on in life, compromising long-term profits

63
Q

Parliamentary Actions / individuals

Name 2 of Peel’s reforms

A

Mines Act (1842)
Factory Act (1844)
Railway Act (1844)
Companies Act (1844)
Repeal of the Corn Law (1846)

64
Q

Parliamentary Actions

Name two pro-reform MPs

A

Tory MP = Michael Sadler
Whig MP = Jon Hobhouse

A-Level History (15 decks)

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