IT: Chapter 6:Teecommunications, the Internet, and Wireles Technology Flashcards
Convergence
Telephone networks and computer networks converging into single digital network using Internet Standards
Computer Network
consists of two or more connected computers
Server Computer
performs important network functions for client computers
Network Operating System
routes and manages communications on the network and coordinates network resources
Hubs
connect network components, sending a packet of data to all other connected devices
Switch
more intelligence than a hub and can filter and forward data to a specified destination on the network
Routers
a communications processor used to route packets of through different networks, ensuring that the data sent gets to the correct address.
Client/Server Computing
a distributed computing model in which some of the processing power is located within small, inexpensive client computers, and resides on desktops, laptops, or handheld devices.
Packet Switching
a method of slicing digital messages into parcels called packets, sending the packets along different communication paths as they become available, and then reassembling packets at destination
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
connectivity between computers enabled by protocols
Protocols
set of rules and procedures governing transmission of information between two points in a network
Transmission Control (TCP)
establishes a connection between the computers, sequences the transfer of packets, and acknowledges the packets sent.
Internet Protocol (IP)
responsible for the delivery of packets and includes the disassembling and reassembling of packets during transmission
Application Layer
Transport Layer
Internet Layer
Network Layer
Four layers for TCP/IP
Application layer
enables client application programs to access the other layers and defines the protocols that applications use to exchange data.
Transport layer
responsible for providing the Application layer with communication and packet services
Internet layer
responsible for addressing, routing, and packaging data packets called IP datagrams
Network Interface Layer
responsible for placing packets on and receiving them from the network medium, which could be any network technology
Analog Signal
represented by a continuous waveform that passes through a communications medium and has been used for voice communications
Digital signal
discrete, binary waveform, rather than a continuous waveform, uses one bit and zero bits
Modem
translates digital signals into analog form so that computers can transmit data over analog networks such as telephone and cable networks
Local-area networks (LANs)
to connect personal computer and other digital devices within a half-mile or 500-meter radius
Peer-to-peer
treats all processors equally and is used primarily in small networks with 10 or fewer users
Topologies
the way components are connected together
Star topology
Bus Topology
Ring Topology
3 components of topologies
Star topology
all devices on the network connect to a single hub
Bus topology
one station transmits signals, which travel in both directions along a single transmission segment. All of the signals are broadcast in both directions to the entire network
Ring topology
connects network components in a closed loop
Wide-area networks (WANs)
span broad geographical distances.
Metropolitan-area networks (MANs)
a network that spans a metropolitan area, usually a city and its major suburbs
Twisted wire (modems)
consists of strands of copper wire twisted in pairs and is an older type of transmission medium
Coaxial cable
consists of thickly insulated copper wire that can transmit a larger volume of data than twister wire, similar to that used for cable television
Fiber optics and Optical Networks
consists of bound strands of clear glass fiber, each the thickness of a human hair
Wireless Transmission Media Devices
based on radio signals of various frequencies
Microwave
Satellites
Cellular Systems
Wireless
What are some Wireless Transmission Media Devices
Microware
transmit high-frequency radio signals through the atmosphere and are widely used for high-volume, long-distance, point-to-point communications
Satellites
use microwave transmission and are typically used for transmission in large, geographically dispersed organizations that would be difficult to network using cable media, as well as for home Internet services
Cellular systems
use radio waves and a variety of different protocols to communicate with radio antennas placed within adjacent geographic areas
Wireless
supplanting traditional wired networks for many applications and creating new applications, services, and business models
Hertz
one hertz equal to one-cycle of the medium
Bandwidth
the range of frequencies that can be accommodated on a particular telecommunications channel
Internet Service providers
a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to real subscribers
Digital Subscriber line (DSL)
operate over existing telephone lines to carry voice, data, and video at transmission rates ranging from 385 Kbps
Cable internet Connections
use digital cable coaxial lines to deliver high-speed internet access to homes and businesses
T1 Lines
leased, dedicated lines, suitable for businesses or government agencies requiring high-seed guaranteed service levels. Offer guaranteed delivery at 1.54 Mbps
Internet Protocol (IP) address
a 32-bit number represented by four strings of numbers ranging from 0-255 separated by periods
Domain Name System
converts domain names to IP addresses
Domain Name
the English-like name that corresponds to the unique 32-bit numeric IP address for each computer connected to the Internet
Hierarchical Structure
top-level domains, second-level domains, third-level domains
Top-level domains
two and three character names you are familiar with from surfing the Web. .com, .edu, .gov
IAB
helps define the overall structure of the Internet
ICANN
assigns IP addresses
W3C
sets Hypertext Markup Language and other programming standards for the Web
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version g)
contains 128-bit addresses, or more than a quadrillion possible unique addresses
Internet 2
an advanced networking consortium representing over 330 U.S. universities, private businesses, and government agencies working with 60,000 institutions across the U.S. and international networking partners
person-to-person messaging document sharing
Chatting and Instant Messaging
Interactive conversations
Newsgroups
discussion groups on electronic bulletin boards
Telnet
logging in to one computer system and doing work on another
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
transferring files from computer to computer
World Wide Web
retrieving, formatting, and displaying information using hypertext links
Voice Over IP (VOIP)
delivers voice information in digital form using packet switching, avoiding the tolls charged by local and long-distance telephone networks
Unified Communications
integrates disparate channels for voice communications, data communications, instant messaging, e-mail, and electronic conferencing into a single experience where users can seamlessly switch back and forth between different communication modes
Virtual Private Networks (VPN)
a secure, encrypted, private network that has been configured within a public network to take advantage of economies of scale and management facilities of large networks
HTML (Hypertext)
formats documents and incorporates dynamic links to other documents and pictures stored in the same or remote computers
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
the communication standard used to transfer pages on the Web
Uniform resource Locators (URLs)
tells the browser software exactly where to look for the information
Web Servers
software for locating and managing stored Web pages. It locates the Web pages requested by a user on the computer where they are stored and delivers the Web pages to the user’s computer
Search Engines
attempt to solve the problem of finding useful information on the Web nearly instantly
Search engine marketing
major source of internet advertising revenue. Sponsored and unsponsored results
Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
the process of improving the quality and volume and Web traffic to a Web site by employing a series of techniques that help a Web site achieve a higher ranking with the major search engine
Social Search
effort to provide fewer, more relevant, and trustworthy search results based on a person’s network of social contacts
Shopping bots
use intelligent agent software for searching internet for shopping information
Web 2.0
second-generation services enabling people to collaborate, share information , and create new services online
Blogs
chronological, informal Web sites created by individuals
RSS (Really Simple Syndication)
syndicates Web content so aggregator software can pull content for use in another setting or viewing later
Wikis
collaborative Web sites where visitors can add, delete, or modify content on the site
Social networking sites
enable users to build communities of friends and share information
Semantic Web
A collaborative effort led by W3C to add layer of meaning to the existing Web
U.S Only
CDMA
Rest of the World
GSM
Third-generation (3g) Networks
higher transmission speeds suitable for broadband Internet access
Fourth-generation (4g) Networks
Entirely packet-switched, up to 100 Mbps
Bluetooth
802.15
Bluetooth
Links up to 8 devices in 10-m area using low-power, radio-based communications
Wi-Fi
802.11
Wi-Fi
Used for wireless LAN and wireless internet access
Access points
device with radio receiver/transmitter for connecting wireless devices to a wired LAN
hotspots
one or more access points in public place to provide maximum wireless coverage for a specific area
Radio Frequency identification (RFID)
provide a powerful technology for tracking the movement of goods throughout the supply chain.
Active RFID
tags have batteries, data can be rewritten, range is hundreds of feet, more expensive
Passive RFID
range is shorter, also smaller, less expensive, powered by radio frequency energy
WiMax
802.16
WiMax
Wireless access range of 31 Miles
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs)
networks of hundreds or thousands of interconnected wireless devices embedded into physical environment to provide measurements of many points over large spaces
