ISYS 363 Final Exam Key Terms Flashcards
a professional who is relatively well educated and who creates, modifies, and/or synthesizes knowledge as a fundamental part of their job
knowledge worker
a society in which education is the cornerstone of society and there is an increase in the importance of knowledge workers
knowledge society
an organization that uses information technologies or systems to support nearly every part of its business
e-business
the gap between those individuals in our society who are computer literate and have access to information resources such as the internet and those who do not
digital divide
the integration of economies throughout the world, enabled by innovation and technological progress
globalization
the moving of routine jobs and/or tasks to people in another firm
outsourcing
changes in the structure of populations, such as related to age, birth rates and migration
demographic changes
the movement of rural populations to urban areas
urbanization
changes in countries’ purchasing power and control over natural resources
shifts in global economic power
limited availability of fossil fuels and other natural resources
resource scarcity
large-scale and long-term regional and global changes in temperatures and weather patterns
climate change
development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
sustainable development
clothing or accessories, such as smart watches or fitness trackers, that incorporate information technologies
wearable technologies
the logging of all aspects of one’s daily life to improve overall health and performance
quantified self
a software program that is designed to perform a particular, well-defined function, typically built for mobile devices
app
bring your own device; employees using their own devices for work-related purposes
BYOD
the trend of technological innovations first being introduced in the consumer marketplace before being used by organizations
consumerization of IT
the notion that the value of a network (or tool or application based on a network) is dependent on the number of other users
network effect
a network of a broad range of physical objects that can automatically share data over the internet
Internet of Things (IoT)
device that can detect, record, and report changes in the physical environment
sensor
technologies enabling the remote monitoring and controlling of lighting, heating, or home appliances
smart home technologies (home automation)
the use of IoT technologies in manufacturing
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
a computing model enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction
cloud computing
extremely large and complex data sets, typically characterized as being of high volume, variety and velocity
Big Data
the use of robots to perform manual tasks
robotics
the knowledge of how to operate a computer
computer literacy
the use of IS to support everything from patient diagnosis and treatment to analyzing patient and disease data to running doctors’ offices and hospitals
healthcare IS
the ability to independently learn new technologies as they emerge and assess their impact on one’s work and life
computer fluency
the combination of people and information technology that create, collect, process, store, and distribute useful data
information system (IS)
the hardware, software, and networking components of an information system
information technology (IT)
physical computer equipment, such as the computer monitor, central processing unit, or keyboard
hardware
a program (or set of programs) that instructs the computer to perform certain processing functions
software
a group of two or more computer systems linked together with communications equipment
telecommunications network
raw symbols, such as characters and numbers, that have no meaning in and of themselves, and are of little value until processed
data
the suitability of data for its intended use, consisting of completeness, accuracy, timeliness, validity, and consistency
data quality
data that have been formatted and/or organized in some way so as to be useful to people
information
a body of governing procedures such as guidelines or rules that are used to organize or manipulate data to make the data suitable for a given task
knowledge
an information system designed to process day-to-day business-event data at the operational level of the organization
transaction processing system (TPS)
an information system designed to support the management of organizational functions at the managerial level of the organization
management information system (MIS)
connecting host computers and their networks to form even larger networks
internetworking
linking together different computing systems and software applications physically or functionally to act as a coordinated whole
systems integration
a collection of software and hardware for developing documents, scheduling resources, and communicating
office automation system
a way of thinking in which plans are made to accomplish specific long-term goals
strategic
a firm’s ability to do something better, faster, cheaper, or uniquely as compared with rival firms in the market
competitive advantage
a broad range of issues and standards of conduct that have emerged through the use and proliferation of information systems
computer ethics
an ethical issue that is concerned with what information an individual should have to reveal to others through the course of employment or through other transactions such as online shopping
information privacy
a statement on a website containing information about what data are gathered, what they are used for, who will have access to the data, whether provision of the data is required or voluntary, and how confidentiality will be ensured
data privacy statement
to signal agreement to the collection/further use of one’s data (e.g., by checking a box)
opt in
to signal that data cannot be collected/used in other ways (e.g., by checking a box)
opt out
creations of the mind that have commercial value
intellectual property (IP)
technology for creating physical three-dimensional objects from digital models
3D printing
a type of marketing that allows individual website owners to earn commission by posting other companies’ ads on their web pages
affiliate marketing
the use of information systems to enhance a person’s perception of reality by providing relevant information about the user’s surroundings
augmented reality
using information systems to do an activity faster, cheaper, and perhaps with more accuracy and/or consistency
automating
a strategy to offer products or services of reasonably good quality at competitive prices
best-cost provider strategy
the alignment of information systems with a business’s strategy
business/IT alignment
the summary of a business’s strategic direction outlining how the objectives will be achieved; a business model specifies how a company will create, deliver, and capture value
business model
a set of related activities an organization performs in order to reach its business goals
business process
an organization’s ability to leverage its resources
capabilities
an economic system in which assets or services are shared between private individuals, either free or for a fee, typically by means of the internet
sharing economy (collaborative economy)
the securing of business financing from individuals in the marketplace–the “crowd”–to fund an initiative
crowdfunding
a strategy in which an organization differentiates itself by providing better products or services than its competitors
differentiation strategy
an innovation that uses markedly new or different technology to access new customer segments and/or provide significantly greater benefits to existing customers, and eventually marginalizes or replaces existing products or services
radical innovation (disruptive innovation)
a model suggesting that the extent to which modern organizations use information technologies and systems in timely, innovative ways is the key to success
disruptive innovation cycle
any unique strength possessed by an organization (e.g., innovation, agility, quality, or low cost) that helps to pursue an organizational strategy
distinctive competency
opportunities that a firm finds for making more money and/or making money in new ways
economic opportunities
the extent to which goals or tasks are accomplished well
effectiveness
the extent to which goals are accomplished faster, at lower cost, or with relatively little time and effort
efficiency
an information technology that enables a firm to accomplish a task or goal or to gain or sustain a competitive advantage in some way
enabling technology
revenue model where limited versions of digital products are offered for free, but a premium is charged for special features
freemium
temporary competitive advantage derived from being the first to enter a market
first-mover advantage
a metric deemed critical to assessing progress toward a certain organizational goal
key performance indicator (KPI)
a cross-organizational-level information system designed to support a specific functional area
functional area information system
an economy in which workers are not employed by a company, but are only hired for short-term, temporary jobs
gig economy
a decision where problems and solutions are not clear-cut and often require judgment and expertise
semistructured decision
the creation of new products, processes, or services that return value to the organization
innovation
a decision where few or no procedures to follow for a given situation can be specified in advance
unstructured decision
a strategy to offer the best prices in the industry on goods or services
low-cost leadership strategy
the bottom level of an organization, where the routine, day-to-day business processes and interactions with customers occur
operational level
the process of integrating external stakeholders into an organization’s innovation process
open innovation
a firm’s plan to accomplish its mission and goals as well as to gain or sustain competitive advantage over rivals
organizational strategy
a business model that enables others–both other businesses and users–to co-create value, such that some users create value and other users consume
platform
the process of forming a vision of where the organization needs to head, converting that vision into measurable objectives and performance targets, and crafting a plan to achieve the desired results
strategic planning
any event, such as the exchange of goods or services for money, that occurs as part of daily business of which an organization must keep a record
transaction
an organization’s specific assets that are utilized to create cost or product differentiation from its competitors
resources
the process of analyzing an organization’s activities to determine where value is added to products and/or services and the costs that are incurred for doing so
value chain analysis
head-mounted device enabling immersive three-dimensional experiences
virtual reality (VR) headset
