ISSA Nutritionist: Unit 6

Question 1

Maltose

Answer 1

glucose + glucose

Question 2

Sucrose

Answer 2

glucose + fructose

Question 3

Lactose

Answer 3

glucose + galactose

Question 4

monosaccharides

Answer 4

The simplest form of carbohydrate

Question 5

oligosaccharides

Answer 5

Saccharide composed of a small number of monosaccharides

Question 6

polysaccharides

Answer 6

More than about 10 linked monosaccharides that form a polymer

Question 7

glucose

Answer 7

A monosaccharide found in foods and blood; the end product of carbohydrate metabolism and the major source of energy for humans

Question 8

fructose

Answer 8

A monosaccharide that is very sweet; possesses a ketone rather than an aldehyde, which distinguishes it from glucose

Question 9

galactose

Answer 9

A monosaccharide; less soluble and sweet than glucose

Question 10

amylose

Answer 10

A component of starch characterized by straight chains of glucose units

Question 11

amylopectin

Answer 11

A component of starch characterized by its highly branched structure and fast digestion

Question 12

salivary amylase

Answer 12

Enzyme found in saliva that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch

Question 13

glycemic index (GI)

Answer 13

A measure of the rate of which an ingested food causes the level of glucose in the blood to rise

Question 14

glycemic load

Answer 14

Equal to the glycemic index of a food times the number of grams of carbohydrates in the serving

Question 15

insulin index (II)

Answer 15

A measure of the rate of which an ingested food causes the level of insulin in the blood to rise

Question 16

GLUT family

Answer 16

Group of membrane proteins that transport glucose from the blood into cells

Question 17

isoforms

Answer 17

isoforms: A

Question 18

glycerol

Answer 18

Sugar alcohol that is the backbone of a triglyceride

Question 19

pancreatic lipase

Answer 19

An enzyme secreted from the pancreas that hydrolyzes fat

Question 20

chylomicron

Answer 20

A lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and triglyceride from the small intestine to tissues of the body

Question 21

apolipoproteins

Answer 21

Proteins that assist in the transport and regulation of lipids.

Question 22

Eicosanoids

Answer 22

Signaling molecules of the body that control many systems

Question 23

stearic acid

Answer 23

An 18-carbon saturated fatty acid

Question 24

docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

Answer 24

An omega-3, polyunsaturated fatty acid, found mainly in fish and algae; can be formed from ALA

Question 25

eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

Answer 25

An omega-3, polyunsaturated fatty acid, found mainly in fish and algae

Question 26

omega-6 / omega-3 fatty acid ratio

Answer 26

Balance of dietary fat intake; critical to overall health

Question 27

trans fat

Answer 27

Unsaturated fat with a trans-isomer fatty acid; created through hydrogenation

Question 28

peptides

Answer 28

A molecular chain composed of two or more amino acids linked by the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another

Question 29

secondary

Answer 29

Pertains to the folding of a polypeptide chain, resulting in an alpha helix, beta-sheet, or random coil structure

Question 30

tertiary

Answer 30

Refers to a protein’s three-dimensional structure by complete folding of the sheets and helices of a secondary structure held in position by hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions

Question 31

quaternary

Answer 31

Refers to the assembly of multiple folded protein molecules in a multi-subunit complex

Question 32

gastric hydrochloric acid

Answer 32

Produced by parietal cells in the stomach, this acid liquid is necessary for digestion

Question 33

proenzyme

Answer 33

Inactive enzyme precursor that requires a biochemical change to become active

Question 34

glutamine

Answer 34

An amino acid that’s only essential under certain conditions (certain illnesses and physical trauma)

Question 35

plasma amino acid pool

Answer 35

Reserve of amino acids found in blood plasma

Question 36

cytokine

Answer 36

A hormone-like substance secreted by various cells that regulate the immune response

Question 37

conditionally essential amino acids

Answer 37

Essential under specific conditions, for example, childhood, stress, aging, etc

Question 38

essential amino acids

Answer 38

An amino acid that must be included in the diet

Question 39

non-essential amino acids

Answer 39

An amino acid that does not need to be included in the diet

Question 40

Protein efficiency ratio (PER)

Answer 40

Protein efficiency ratios (PER) are determined using mice or rats rather than humans.

Question 41

Biological value (BV)

Answer 41

The biological value (BV) of a protein, like the PER value, is determined using studies on rats and mice

Question 42

Net protein utilization (NPU)

Answer 42

Net protein utilization (NPU) was developed to improve on BV measures

Question 43

Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS)

Answer 43

The Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) is the current “gold standard” of determining protein quality because unlike PER, BV, and NPU, it’s based on human amino acid requirements.