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ISSA Nutritionist Exam Prep > ISSA Nutritionist: Unit 3 > Flashcards

ISSA Nutritionist: Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

laws of thermodynamics

A

Principles that govern energy exchange, including heat exchange and the performance of work

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2
Q

energy transfer

A

Movement of ATP from one compound to another so that it can be used

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3
Q

hepatocyte

A

Liver cell

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4
Q

myocyte

A

Muscle cell

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5
Q

amino acid pool

A

Amino acids available for protein synthesis at any given time in the body

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6
Q

ATP / PCr system

A

Composed of ATP and phosphocreatine, this system replenishes energy rapidly without the use of oxygen

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7
Q

creatine kinase

A

Isoenzyme found in muscle and brain tissue that catalyzes the formation of ATP; higher after tissue injury

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8
Q

creatine

A

Nitrogenous substance, derived from arginine, glycine and methionine, found in muscle tissue

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9
Q

phosphocreatine (PCr)

A

Compound of creatine (Cr) and phosphoric acid (P) found in muscle

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10
Q

pyruvate

A

Salt of pyruvic acid; the end product of glycolysis

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11
Q

NADH

A

Reduced form of NAD; used to transfer electrons

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12
Q

NAD+

A

Co-enzyme of dehydrogenases; plays a role in intermediary metabolism as an oxidizing agent or reducing agent for metabolites

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13
Q

lactic acid

A

An organic byproduct of anaerobic metabolism derived from pyruvic acid; can be used as an energy source for cells

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14
Q

Krebs cycle

A

A major metabolic pathway that involves a series of enzymatic reactions that convert pyruvic acid from food to acetyl-CoA for energy

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15
Q

electron transport chain

A

Set of compounds that transfer electrons to a donor that creates energy

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16
Q

acetyl-CoA

A

Co-enzyme that plays a role in intermediary metabolism; can enter the Krebs cycle to produce energy and be used for fatty acid synthesis

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17
Q

FAD+

A

Riboflavin-derived hydrogen acceptor in the Krebs cycle

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18
Q

FADH2

A

The reduced form of FAD+

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19
Q

cytochrome

A

Protein found in mitochondria (inner membrane) that transports electrons

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20
Q

proton

A

A particle with a positive charge, usually regarded as a hydrogen ion; when the proton gradient shifts in the electron transport chain, energy conversion occurs

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21
Q

reactive oxygen species (ROS)

A

Any oxygen-containing compound that is particularly reactive

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22
Q

transamination

A

The transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another

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23
Q

glycogenesis

A

Synthesis of glycogen

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24
Q

glucose 6-phosphate

A

The phosphorylated form of glucose that won’t diffuse out of a cell

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25
glycogen synthase
Enzyme necessary for the conversion of excess glucose into stored glycogen
26
epinephrine
Hormone and neurotransmitter; also known as adrenaline
27
norepinephrine
Hormone and neurotransmitter; also known as noradrenaline
28
glycogen phosphorylase
Enzyme necessary for glycogenolysis; breaks glycogen into glucose units
29
glycogenolysis
Breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose
30
glucagon
Hormone secreted by the pancreas to increase blood glucose levels
31
adrenal medulla
Central part of the adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine
32
glycolysis
Series of reactions in the cytosol that converts glucose into pyruvic acid and ultimately ATP
33
anaerobic threshold
The point at which lactic acid begins to accumulate in the bloodstream
34
gluconeogenesis
Conversion of non-carbohydrate compounds (i.e., amino acids, pyruvate, glycerol) to glucose
35
Cori cycle
Process during which lactate produced in the muscles goes to the liver and is used for the production of glucose.
36
chylomicron
A lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and triglyceride from the small intestine to tissues of the body
37
lipoprotein
A class of proteins with hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol surrounded by hydrophilic phospholipids, apolipoproteins and cholesterol
38
lipoprotein lipase
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of fatty acids from triglycerides
39
adipose tissue
Tissue made of fat cells
40
lipogenesis
The formation of fat
41
lipolysis
Breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol
42
hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)
Enzyme of the cytosol that frees fatty acids and glycerol
43
lipid mobilization
Using lipids as a fuel source
44
growth hormone (GH)
An anabolic hormone that causes growth and cell reproduction; also known as somatotropin
45
fatty acid synthase system:
System of enzymes involved in the synthesis of fatty acids
46
palmitate
Common saturated fatty acid; the end product of mammalian fatty acid synthesis
47
elongation
Addition of carbons on a fatty acid chain
48
saturated fatty acid
A fatty acid with no double bonds in the chain
49
desaturation
Removal of hydrogen atom(s) to form a double bond
50
monounsaturated fatty acid
Having a single double bond in the fatty acid chain
51
very-low-density lipoprotein particles (VLDL):
Particles used in lipid transport; assembled in the liver by cholesterol and apolipoproteins, converted to LDL
52
polyunsaturated fat
A fatty acid with multiple double bonds in the chain
53
alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)
Unsaturated omega-3 fatty acid, see linolenic acid
54
omega-3
Family of unsaturated fatty acids characterized by a carbon-carbon double bond three spaces in from the methyl end
55
linoleic acid
Unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid considered essential to the human diet
56
omega-6
Family of unsaturated fatty acids characterized by a carbon-carbon double bond six spaces in from the methyl end.
57
LDL particles:
A lipoprotein that transports triglyceride and cholesterol from the liver to body tissues
58
HDL particles
A lipoprotein that transports fatty acids and cholesterol from the body tissues to the liver
59
lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)
An enzyme that is used to convert cholesterol to a transportable form for lipoproteins
60
cardioprotective
Something that is protective to the cardiovascular system
61
atherosclerosis
Development of plaque in the lumen (interior space) of blood vessels
62
essential amino acid
An amino acid that must be included in the diet
63
non-essential amino acid
An amino acid that does not need to be included in the diet
64
peptide chain
A short polymer formed from linking amino acids
65
deamination
Removal of an amine group from a compound
66
branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)
Amino acid with an aliphatic side chain that is nonlinear
67
carbon skeleton
Chains, branches or rings of carbon atoms that form organic molecules
68
amine
One of a group of organic nitrogen compounds
69
ammonia
Also known as NH3, a very basic end product of protein metabolism
70
urea cycle
The cycle that takes place in the liver and creates urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide
71
α-ketoacid
An organic acid containing a functional ketone group and a carboxylic acid

ISSA Nutritionist Exam Prep (18 decks)

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