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ISSA Nutritionist Exam Prep > ISSA Nutritionist: Unit 3 > Flashcards

ISSA Nutritionist: Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

laws of thermodynamics

A

Principles that govern energy exchange, including heat exchange and the performance of work

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2
Q

energy transfer

A

Movement of ATP from one compound to another so that it can be used

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3
Q

hepatocyte

A

Liver cell

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4
Q

myocyte

A

Muscle cell

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5
Q

amino acid pool

A

Amino acids available for protein synthesis at any given time in the body

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6
Q

ATP / PCr system

A

Composed of ATP and phosphocreatine, this system replenishes energy rapidly without the use of oxygen

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7
Q

creatine kinase

A

Isoenzyme found in muscle and brain tissue that catalyzes the formation of ATP; higher after tissue injury

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8
Q

creatine

A

Nitrogenous substance, derived from arginine, glycine and methionine, found in muscle tissue

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9
Q

phosphocreatine (PCr)

A

Compound of creatine (Cr) and phosphoric acid (P) found in muscle

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10
Q

pyruvate

A

Salt of pyruvic acid; the end product of glycolysis

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11
Q

NADH

A

Reduced form of NAD; used to transfer electrons

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12
Q

NAD+

A

Co-enzyme of dehydrogenases; plays a role in intermediary metabolism as an oxidizing agent or reducing agent for metabolites

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13
Q

lactic acid

A

An organic byproduct of anaerobic metabolism derived from pyruvic acid; can be used as an energy source for cells

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14
Q

Krebs cycle

A

A major metabolic pathway that involves a series of enzymatic reactions that convert pyruvic acid from food to acetyl-CoA for energy

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15
Q

electron transport chain

A

Set of compounds that transfer electrons to a donor that creates energy

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16
Q

acetyl-CoA

A

Co-enzyme that plays a role in intermediary metabolism; can enter the Krebs cycle to produce energy and be used for fatty acid synthesis

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17
Q

FAD+

A

Riboflavin-derived hydrogen acceptor in the Krebs cycle

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18
Q

FADH2

A

The reduced form of FAD+

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19
Q

cytochrome

A

Protein found in mitochondria (inner membrane) that transports electrons

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20
Q

proton

A

A particle with a positive charge, usually regarded as a hydrogen ion; when the proton gradient shifts in the electron transport chain, energy conversion occurs

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21
Q

reactive oxygen species (ROS)

A

Any oxygen-containing compound that is particularly reactive

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22
Q

transamination

A

The transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another

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23
Q

glycogenesis

A

Synthesis of glycogen

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24
Q

glucose 6-phosphate

A

The phosphorylated form of glucose that won’t diffuse out of a cell

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25
Q

glycogen synthase

A

Enzyme necessary for the conversion of excess glucose into stored glycogen

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26
Q

epinephrine

A

Hormone and neurotransmitter; also known as adrenaline

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27
Q

norepinephrine

A

Hormone and neurotransmitter; also known as noradrenaline

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28
Q

glycogen phosphorylase

A

Enzyme necessary for glycogenolysis; breaks glycogen into glucose units

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29
Q

glycogenolysis

A

Breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose

30
Q

glucagon

A

Hormone secreted by the pancreas to increase blood glucose levels

31
Q

adrenal medulla

A

Central part of the adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine

32
Q

glycolysis

A

Series of reactions in the cytosol that converts glucose into pyruvic acid and ultimately ATP

33
Q

anaerobic threshold

A

The point at which lactic acid begins to accumulate in the bloodstream

34
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

Conversion of non-carbohydrate compounds (i.e., amino acids, pyruvate, glycerol) to glucose

35
Q

Cori cycle

A

Process during which lactate produced in the muscles goes to the liver and is used for the production of glucose.

36
Q

chylomicron

A

A lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and triglyceride from the small intestine to tissues of the body

37
Q

lipoprotein

A

A class of proteins with hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol surrounded by hydrophilic phospholipids, apolipoproteins and cholesterol

38
Q

lipoprotein lipase

A

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of fatty acids from triglycerides

39
Q

adipose tissue

A

Tissue made of fat cells

40
Q

lipogenesis

A

The formation of fat

41
Q

lipolysis

A

Breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

42
Q

hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)

A

Enzyme of the cytosol that frees fatty acids and glycerol

43
Q

lipid mobilization

A

Using lipids as a fuel source

44
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

An anabolic hormone that causes growth and cell reproduction; also known as somatotropin

45
Q

fatty acid synthase system:

A

System of enzymes involved in the synthesis of fatty acids

46
Q

palmitate

A

Common saturated fatty acid; the end product of mammalian fatty acid synthesis

47
Q

elongation

A

Addition of carbons on a fatty acid chain

48
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

A fatty acid with no double bonds in the chain

49
Q

desaturation

A

Removal of hydrogen atom(s) to form a double bond

50
Q

monounsaturated fatty acid

A

Having a single double bond in the fatty acid chain

51
Q

very-low-density lipoprotein particles (VLDL):

A

Particles used in lipid transport; assembled in the liver by cholesterol and apolipoproteins, converted to LDL

52
Q

polyunsaturated fat

A

A fatty acid with multiple double bonds in the chain

53
Q

alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)

A

Unsaturated omega-3 fatty acid, see linolenic acid

54
Q

omega-3

A

Family of unsaturated fatty acids characterized by a carbon-carbon double bond three spaces in from the methyl end

55
Q

linoleic acid

A

Unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid considered essential to the human diet

56
Q

omega-6

A

Family of unsaturated fatty acids characterized by a carbon-carbon double bond six spaces in from the methyl end.

57
Q

LDL particles:

A

A lipoprotein that transports triglyceride and cholesterol from the liver to body tissues

58
Q

HDL particles

A

A lipoprotein that transports fatty acids and cholesterol from the body tissues to the liver

59
Q

lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)

A

An enzyme that is used to convert cholesterol to a transportable form for lipoproteins

60
Q

cardioprotective

A

Something that is protective to the cardiovascular system

61
Q

atherosclerosis

A

Development of plaque in the lumen (interior space) of blood vessels

62
Q

essential amino acid

A

An amino acid that must be included in the diet

63
Q

non-essential amino acid

A

An amino acid that does not need to be included in the diet

64
Q

peptide chain

A

A short polymer formed from linking amino acids

65
Q

deamination

A

Removal of an amine group from a compound

66
Q

branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)

A

Amino acid with an aliphatic side chain that is nonlinear

67
Q

carbon skeleton

A

Chains, branches or rings of carbon atoms that form organic molecules

68
Q

amine

A

One of a group of organic nitrogen compounds

69
Q

ammonia

A

Also known as NH3, a very basic end product of protein metabolism

70
Q

urea cycle

A

The cycle that takes place in the liver and creates urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide

71
Q

α-ketoacid

A

An organic acid containing a functional ketone group and a carboxylic acid

ISSA Nutritionist Exam Prep (18 decks)

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