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ISSA Nutritionist Exam Prep > ISSA Nutritionist: Unit 1 > Flashcards

ISSA Nutritionist: Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

cell

A

The cell is the most basic structural and functional unit of all living things. All living tissues are built from ells.

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2
Q

cells have two basic roles

A

to get nutrients from the food that we eat, and

to use these nutrients for the raw materials and fuel to keep us alive.

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3
Q

metabolism

A

Sum of reactions that take place to build up and break down the body

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4
Q

Organization of the human body

A

Atoms combine to form molecules. Molecules and atoms combine to form organelles. Organelles work together to form cells. Similar types of cells form tissue, and tissues join to make up the various bodily organs. Groups of organs that work closely together form organ systems, and it is these organ systems that ultimately sustain an organism.

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5
Q

Ecosystem

A

dynamic, interactive, interconnected networks of living things.

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6
Q

Organism

A

An organism is a definably self-contained living system.

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7
Q

homeostasis

A

The body’s ability to maintain a stable and constant internal condition

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8
Q

Integumentary system

A

This system protects the body from external damage. It includes your skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and other external structures.

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9
Q

Skeletal system

A

This system gives the body a rigid structure so that it can move and hold itself up. It includes your bones, tendons, ligaments, and other structures.

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10
Q

Muscular system

A

This system moves us, whether it’s to move you across the room, to move your blood through blood vessels, or to move food through your intestines. This system includes your skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles (in your heart), and smooth muscles (part of arteries and veins, bladder, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, uterus, and more).

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11
Q

Nervous system

A

This system sends electrochemical signals that trigger thoughts, emotions, and movement as well as involuntary activity (such as breathing). It includes your brain as well as a vast network of nerves and supporting structures.

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12
Q

Endocrine system

A

This is your cellular communication system. It includes your hormonal organs and glands, including the hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries, and more.

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13
Q

Circulatory system

A

This system transports hormones, enzymes, nutrients, and other chemicals throughout the body. It includes your heart, blood, and blood vessels.

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14
Q

enzyme

A

A substance that helps catalyze chemical reactions

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15
Q

Immune system

A

This system protects against pathogens, tumor cells, and other foreign invaders. It includes your thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and other similar organs.

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16
Q

Respiratory system

A

This system brings in oxygen and excretes carbon dioxide. It includes your nasal cavity, trachea, lungs, and other airways and gas exchange organs.

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17
Q

Digestive system

A

This system breaks down and absorbs nutrients from food and drink. It includes your oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and the other organs associated with digestion including the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and bile duct.

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18
Q

Urinary system:

A

This system produces, stores, and eliminates urine. It includes your kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and related organs and glands.

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19
Q

Reproductive system

A

This system controls reproduction as well as sexual development. It includes your sex organs and glands.

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20
Q

Organ systems

A

Organ systems are made up of individual organs. Each organ has at least one specific job, and often several.

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21
Q

Tissues

A

tissues make up our organs.

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22
Q

Epithelial tissues

A

make up our skin.

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23
Q

Connective tissues

A

make up structures such as our joints and fascia.

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24
Q

Muscle tissues

A

make up our skeletal muscles and heart, and are part of several other organ systems

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25
Q

Nervous tissues

A

make up our brain, nerves, and associated structures.

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26
Q

organelle

A

Component of the cell that is responsible for a specific task

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27
Q

cytosol

A

The internal fluid portion of the cell

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28
Q

atom

A

The basic unit of a chemical element

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29
Q

molecule

A

Group of atoms bonded together

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30
Q

macromolecules

A

A large molecule

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31
Q

macronutrient

A

Nutrient the body requires in large amounts (i.E., Protein, fat, carbohydrates). also contributes to the energy value of food

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32
Q

micronutrient

A

Organic compound the body requires in very small amounts (i.E., Vitamins and minerals)

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33
Q

compounds

A

Consisting of two or more substances

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34
Q

co-factor

A

Non-protein compound that interacts with another substance to facilitate a transformation

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35
Q

hormone

A

A compound created by one cell that travels to and stimulates another cell

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36
Q

potential energy

A

Energy stored within a physical system

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37
Q

genetics

A

Specific, inherited DNA of an organism, which influences what they become, although environment also plays a key role in the expression of an organism’s genetic code

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38
Q

DNA

A

Nucleic acids that contain instructions for heredity

39
Q

nucleus

A

Organelle where genetic material is housed

40
Q

gene

A

A particular sequence in DNA or RNA that controls the expression of a protein, and, by extension, influences the characteristics of an organism

41
Q

evolutionarily conserved

A

Something that’s remained essentially unchanged throughout evolution

42
Q

genetic polymorphism

A

Variation in the form of one or a sequence of genes

43
Q

bioactive

A

Having a biological effect

44
Q

upregulated

A

An increase of a cellular component

45
Q

DHA

A

Docosahexaenoic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid

46
Q

nutrigenomics

A

Study of how genes respond to nutritional intake

47
Q

plasma membrane

A

Lipid bilayer that is permeable to certain compounds that contain the cell

48
Q

lipids

A

Any class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives

49
Q

cholesterol

A

Synthesized in the liver; precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones

50
Q

phospholipids

A

A type of lipid with a hydrophilic phosphate group “head” and hydrophobic fatty acid “tail” that forms cell membranes

51
Q

hydrophilic

A

Strong affinity for water

52
Q

hydrophobic

A

Strong resistance against water

53
Q

saturated fat

A

A fat with no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain

54
Q

trans fat

A

Fat derived from the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils

55
Q

monounsaturated fat

A

A fat with one double bond between the carbons in the fatty acid chain

56
Q

polyunsaturated fat

A

A fat with two or more double bonds between the carbons in the fatty acid chain

57
Q

cytoplasm

A

The protoplasm within a cell, excluding the nucleus

58
Q

mitochondria

A

Organelles that supply the cells’ energy / ATP (singular: mitochondrion)

59
Q

adenosine triphosphate

A

ATP, source of energy for physiological reactions

60
Q

mitochondrial membrane

A

The double biomembrane surrounding the mitochondrion

61
Q

circadian

A

Any biological process that recurs naturally on a day-night cycle

62
Q

chromosomes

A

Located in the nucleus, contain genetic information

63
Q

transcription

A

The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template

64
Q

translation

A

Forming a protein molecule based on the information contained in the mrna

65
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

Cytoplasmic membrane that translates proteins

66
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Cytoplasmic organelle necessary for the modification and transport of proteins

67
Q

ribosomes

A

A complex rich in RNA and protein found in cells

68
Q

steroid hormones

A

Hormones possessing steroid ring system, including androgens, estrogens, and adrenocortical hormones

69
Q

glycoproteins

A

Protein that contains a carbohydrate group, involved in membrane integrity

70
Q

protein synthesis

A

Manufacturing of proteins from amino acids; guided by DNA

71
Q

ribonucleic acids (RNA)

A

Various nucleic acids on a single strand containing ribose and uracil, necessary for the control of cell activities

72
Q

cisterna

A

Flattened membrane disc of Golgi apparatus (plural: cisternae)

73
Q

vesicles

A

Fluid filled pouch/sac that can transport and store compounds

74
Q

lysosome

A

Organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes

75
Q

microorganism

A

An organism of microscopic size

76
Q

Peroxisomes

A

cytoplasmic organelle with enzymes that help with the breakdown of fatty acids and other macromolecules

77
Q

cholesterol

A

Synthesized in the liver of humans and other animals. A precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones

78
Q

bile

A

A yellow or orange fluid produced by the liver, concentrated and stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine for fat digestion

79
Q

ß

A

Beta, the second letter of the Greek alphabet

80
Q

prostaglandin

A

Class of physiologically active fatty acid compounds present in various tissues; can have hormone-like effects

81
Q

catalyst

A

A substance that accelerates a chemical reaction

82
Q

lock-and-key model

A

The model that explains enzyme specificity

83
Q

induced-fit model

A

The model that suggests enzymes are rather flexible structures

84
Q

co-enzyme

A

Non-protein compound that forms the active portion of an enzyme system

85
Q

catalyze

A

Initiate or increase the rate of a chemical reaction

86
Q

signal transduction

A

Conversion of one signal to another by a cell

87
Q

receptor-ligand binding complex

A

A complex formed between a receptor and a substance to allow for further cellular activity

88
Q

ligand

A

An ion or molecule that binds to another molecule or metal atom

89
Q

second messenger

A

A substance that mediates intracellular activity by relaying a signal from an extracellular molecule

90
Q

columnar epithelial cells

A

Pillar-shaped cells that line many surfaces of the body

91
Q

goblet cells

A

Mucus-secreting epithelial cell that distends, taking on the form of a goblet; found often in respiratory and intestinal tracts

92
Q

Cuboidal

A

cube-shaped cells are found in the salivary glands and the lining of the mouth. Because of their shape, they tend to be a little stronger and tougher, so they’re often used as structural cells.

93
Q

Squamous cells

A

flat cells that look a bit like layers of fish scales. They line the esophagus and help protect it from stomach acid. They’re easily sloughed off and replaced.

ISSA Nutritionist Exam Prep (18 decks)

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