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Pathology > Ischaemia > Flashcards

Ischaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is ischaemia?

A

Inadequate blood supply to a tissue

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2
Q

What causes ischaemia?

A 
Occlusion of vessels (ext/int)
Capillary blockage (SCA)
Increase demand
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3
Q

From most to least, which types of cell are susceptible to ischaemia?

A 
Neurons
Renal prox. tubular epithelium
Myocardium
Skeletal Muscle
Fibroblasts and macrophages
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4
Q

What happens when neurons undergo ischaemia?

A

Very rapid, irreversible anoxia

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5
Q

What happens when the renal prox. tubular epithelium undergoes ischaemia?

A

Ion reabsorption is impaired

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6
Q

What happens when the myocardium undergoes ischaemia?

A

Irreversible damage after 20 minutes

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7
Q

What are the consequences of ischaemia, from most to least?

A

Infarction
Apoptosis
Adaptation and atrophy
Functional defects

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8
Q

What happens to cells as a result of ischaemia?

A

Reduced ATP (glycolysis only)

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9
Q

What is reperfusion?

A

When blood flow is restored after a period of ischaemia

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10
Q

What is reperfusion injury?

A

When the restoration of blood flow to a cell produces oxygen free radicals, which can be damaging

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11
Q

What is infarction?

A

Non-programmed cell death of a tissue, due to ischaemia

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12
Q

What causes infarction?

A

Thrombosis, embolism, spasm

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13
Q

What are red infarcts?

A

When a tissue has dual blood supply, or blood flow has been re-established

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14
Q

What are white infarcts?

A

Infarction of a solid tissue

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15
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

When an atherosclerotic plaque suddenly enlarges, causing blockage of that vessel

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16
Q

What happens 24 hours after infarction?

A

Neutrophils develop

17
Q

What happens 1-3 days after infarction?

A

Macrophages and lymphocytes appear, and then fibroblasts and endothelial cells forming granulation tissue.

18
Q

What happens 6-8 weeks after infarction?

A

Infarct is replaced by a scar

19
Q

What is systemic hypertension?

A

Hypertension of the systemic arteries

20
Q

What is secondary hypertension?

A

Hypertension as the result of another disease

21
Q

What happens in left-sided cardiac failure?

A

Pulmonary congestion
Back pressure on left atrium, pulmonary veins and lungs
Pulmonary haemorrhage
Breathlessness

22
Q

What happens in right-sided cardiac failure?

A

Back pressure on systemic circulation

LEG OEDEMA

23
Q

What is cardiac decompensation?

A

Prolonged heart failure, and adaptation is insufficient to maintain cardiac function

Pathology (15 decks)

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