Acute Inflammation

Question 1

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 1

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain

Question 2

What are the signals of inflammation?

Answer 2

DAMPS activate pattern-recognition receptors and toll-like receptors
PAMPS activate PRRs
Nerve-cell derived bioactive peptides

Question 3

What are examples of pro-inflammatory mediators?

Answer 3

Histamine
Tryptases - cleave protease activated receptors to activate vascular endothelial cells
Lipids e.g. prostaglandins
Nitric oxide
Cytokines

Question 4

What occurs during inflammation?

Answer 4

Vasodilation and increase blood flow due to SM relaxation
Opening of pores in venules to generate oedema
Recruitment of phagocytes in response to DAMPs
Itch and pain
Bronchoconstriction

Question 5

What are the effects of inflammation?

Answer 5

Fever
Acute phase response
Leukocytosis

Question 6

How does fever work?

Answer 6

Induced by PGE2, IL1, IL6 and TNF, increases neutriphil progenitors in the bone marrow

Question 7

What is the acute phase response?

Answer 7

When IL6 induces the liver to release pro-coagulant proteins and opsonins

Question 8

What is leukocytosis?

Answer 8

IL1 induces the release of leukocytes from bone marrow

Question 9

How does resolution occur actively?

Answer 9

Eliminating injurous agents
Supressing release of pro-inflam mediators
Pro-resolution lipid mediators e.g lipoxin, resolvin, protectin

Question 10

What is post resolution?

Answer 10

Second infux of macrophages and generation of memory T and B cells