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Pathology > Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What causes chronic inflammation?

A

Chronic exposure to irritants
Inappropriate activation of adaptive immunity
Foreign cells

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2
Q

What do TH1 cells do?

A

Secrete cytokines (IFN-gamma) that stimulates macrophage response to intracellular pathogens

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3
Q

What happens when TH1 responds abnormally?

A

Autoimmunity

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4
Q

What do TH2 cells do?

A

Secrete IL4 which stimulates eosinophil response to helminths

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5
Q

What happens when TH2 responds abnormally?

A

Allergy

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6
Q

What do TH17 cells do?

A

Secrete IL17 and IL21

IL21 stimulates IL17 and release of AMPs and GM-CSF which recruits neutrophils

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7
Q

What happens when TH17 responds abnormally?

A

Autoimmunity

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8
Q

What do Treg cells do?

A

Secrete TGF-beta which suppresses inflammation

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9
Q

What happens when Treg responds abnormally?

A

Excessive inflammaiton

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10
Q

How does stress influence chronic inflam?

A

sympathetic nervous system releases TNF, IL1-beta and IL6

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11
Q

How does exercise influence chronic inflam?

A

Suppresses inflam cytokines

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12
Q

How does diet influence chronic inflam?

A

Short-chain fatty acids produced from the fermentation of plant fibre activates GPR41/42 which activates Treg cells to suppress inflammation

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13
Q

How does obesity influence chronic inflam?

A

Hypertrophic adipose tissue releases TNF and IL1-beta which stimulates TLRs, ROS from bad mitochondria and DAMPs from necrotic adipocytes

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14
Q

How does commensal microbes influence chronic inflam?

A

Excessive antibiotic use can cause pathobionts to proliferate

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15
Q

Chronic oesophogitis

A

Acid reflux

Bile salts -> ROS -> NFkB -> IL6 -> GORD -> Cancer due to Barret’s Oesophagus

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16
Q

IBD: Stomach

A

Caused by helobacter pylori, causes stomach ulcers, gastric-intestinal metaplasia results in adenocarcinoma

17
Q

IBD: Colon

A

Caused by poor microbial ecology which causes ulceration, Crohn’s disease
Results in adenocarcinma

18
Q

Liver

A

Caused by hep B/C, can cause cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma

Pathology (15 decks)

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