Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

New tissue growth that continues despite the absence of stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

The replacement of one type of cell with another type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Disordered growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is carcinoma in situ?

A

When dysplasia involves the full thickness of the epithelium, but does not penetrate the basement membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an invasive tumour?

A

When tumour cells breach the basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the difference between dysplasia and neoplasia?

A

Dysplasia: controlled abnormal growth

Does not always lead to neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is cancer?

A

Malignant tumours that have the potential to spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The appearance of cells compared to normal cells of the same tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

A poorly differentiated tumour cell that does not function like normal tissue and has different morphology to normal tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the four features of anaplastic cells?

A

Pleomorphic
Hyperchromatic
Loss of polarity
Mitoses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is pleomorphy?

A

Continual variation in size, shape, and number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in size of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in the number of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens when a cell loses polarity?

A

Cells are no longer anchored to the basement membrane, which causes disordered growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the significance of mitosis in anaplastic cells?

A

An abnormal number of cells undergo mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the ways of classifying tumours?

A

Aetiology
Organ of origin
Benign/malignant
Tissue/cell of origin

17
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

A tumour that does not invade or spread to other tissues

18
Q

What are the features of benign tumours?

A
Do not invade
Do not metastasise
Histologically similar to the parent cell
Low growth rate with few mitotic cells
Form polyps in hollow organs
19
Q

What are malignant tumours?

A

Tumours that are invasive and grow irregularly into the surrounding tissue

20
Q

What are the features of malignant tumours?

A

Poorly confined
Dissimilar to parent cell
Have central necrosis and have ulcerated surfaces

21
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease

22
Q

Why is classification by cell of origin not typically used?

A

It is difficult to identify which cell exactly is the cell of origin

23
Q

What is a carcinoma?

A

epithelial tissue

24
Q

What is a sarcoma?

A

connective tissue

25
What is the classification of a benign tumour?
OMA suffix
26
What is a high-grade tumour?
Poorly differentiated and aggressive tumours
27
What is metastasis?
The development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from the primary site of cancer
28
What is T in cancer scaling?
Tumour size, where 0 = carcinoma in situ, then 1-4
29
What is N in cancer scaling?
How many regional lymph nodes are involved
30
What is M in cancer scaling?
How many distant metastases exist
31
What environmental factors cause cancer?
``` Smoking Diet and obesity Exposure to carcinogens Reproductive history Infectious agents (e.g. HPV) ```
32
How does the incidence of cancer vary?
Geography Age Race Genetics