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Radiology > Ionizing Radiation > Flashcards

Ionizing Radiation Flashcards

1
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that has mass and occupies a space

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2
Q

The _____ is the basic unit of all
matter

A

atom

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3
Q

What is in the nucleus of an atom?

A

Protons + Neutrons

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4
Q

What is the atomic mass (A)?

A

Number of protons + neutrons

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5
Q

What is the atomic number (Z)?

A

Number of protons

  • determines identity of the atom
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6
Q

Protons and electrons are the same # in a _______ atom

A

neutral

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7
Q

What is the binding energy?

A

The amount of energy required to remove an electron from its shell.

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8
Q

What is binding energy measured in?

A

electron Volts (eV)

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9
Q

Within a given atom, inner shells electrons are _____ tightly bound

A

more

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10
Q

The more protons (higher atomic number) the electrons are ______ tightly bound

A

more

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11
Q

What is ionization?

A

Process of forming a positive and negative ion by removal of an electron from an neutral atom

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12
Q

If a neutral atom loses an electron becomes a ________ ion and the free
electron becomes a ________ ion.

A

positive
negative

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13
Q

What is radiation?

A

the transmission of energy through space (vacuum) and matter

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14
Q

What are the two forms/theories of radiation?

A

wave theory or quantum (particles) theory

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15
Q

Which radiation theory explains the propagation of radiation?

A

wave theory

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16
Q

Which radiation theory explains the interaction of radiation with matter?

A

quantum theory

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17
Q

Which theory concerns electromagnetic radiation?

A

wave theory

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18
Q

What is the distance between two successive crests?

A

wavelength

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19
Q

What is the number of wavelengths passing a particular point in time?

A

frequency

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20
Q

High energy radiation: _____ frequency, _____ wavelength

A

High frequency
short wavelength

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21
Q

Low energy radiation: ____ frequency, _____ wavelength

A

Low frequency
Long wavelength

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22
Q

What is the speed of radiation in wave theory?

A

speed of light

23
Q

How are wavelength and frequency related in the wave theory of radiation?

A

inversely proportional

24
Q

What is the definition of non-ionizing waves?

A

Does not have sufficient energy to eject an electron from the shells

25
Q

What are examples of non-ionizing waves?

A
  • radio waves
  • microwaves
  • infrared radiation
  • visible light
  • UV
26
Q

What are examples of ionizing waves?

A
  • x-rays
  • gamma rays
  • a little UV
27
Q

What are the different types of waves?

A
28
Q

What is quantum theory?

A

explains the interaction of radiation with matter

29
Q

Quantum theory considers radiation as small discrete bundles of energy called…

A

photons

30
Q

Each photon has…

A
  • energy (eV)
  • mass
  • travels in straight lines at the speed of light
31
Q

Quantum theory of radiation has particles that are usually charged besides…

A

neutrons and x-rays

32
Q

What is energy in the wave theory equation?

A

Directly proportional to frequency, inversely proportional to wavelength.

33
Q

High frequency means short wavelength → _____ energy

A

High

34
Q

Low frequency means long wavelength → ____ energy

A

Low

35
Q

What are other examples of particles/photons in the quantum theory of radiation?

A

alpha
beta+
beta-
electron
neutron
proton

36
Q

Which photon has the most charge, most weight, and is very useful in cancer treatment?

A

alpha particle

37
Q

What is linear energy transfer (LET)?

A

Rate of loss of energy from a particle as it moves through matter

38
Q

What is best for creating an image: low LET or high LET?

A

low LET

39
Q

What changes linear energy transfer (LET)?

A

Depends on velocity, charge and size

40
Q

______ velocity
______ charge
_______ size
= greater LET

A

lower velocity
higher charge
bigger size

41
Q

Higher linear energy transfer (LET) has _____ penetration

A

less

42
Q

Why do higher LET have less penetration?

A

they lose their energy after short distances

43
Q

What are x-rays? (according to wave theory)

A

They are weightless packages of pure energy (photons) without an electrical charge which travel in waves with a specific frequency and wavelength at the speed of light and are able to ionize matter.

44
Q

What are the properties of x-rays?

A
  1. Invisible, weightless (depends on theory), no electric charge
  2. Travels in straight lines. (depends on theory)
  3. Travel at the speed of light
  4. Highly penetrating (short wavelengths = 0.01-0.1nm)
  5. Differentially absorbed by matter
  6. Can ionize matter
  7. Produce biological changes
45
Q

X-rays travel in straight lines but in what direction?

A

X-ray beam diverges over distance

46
Q

X-rays have a high or low LET

A

low LET

47
Q

What is excitation?

A

When the transferred energy is not sufficient to overcome binding energy, electron is NOT ejected

48
Q

What happens after an electron is excited but not ionized?

A

Instantaneously gives up this excess energy and returns to ground
level

49
Q

The binding energy is:

a. The minimum energy required to remove an electron from its shell
b. The maximum energy required to remove an electron from its shell
c. The minimum energy required to remove a proton from the nucleus
d. The maximum energy required to remove a proton from the nucleus

A

a. The minimum energy required to remove an electron from its shell

50
Q

Which of the following is false regarding the wave theory of x-radiation?

a. X-rays have a mass
b. Increased frequency means short wavelengths
c. X-rays travel at the speed of light in a vacuum
d. The waves are formed as a combination of electro and magnetic fields

A

a. X-rays have a mass

51
Q

The higher the mass and charge, the higher the LET
– True
– False

A

– True

52
Q

Microwaves are ionizing
– True
– False

A

False

53
Q

Considering elements A and B. Is the following statement true or
false?

– To remove an electron from the K shell of element B requires more energy than element A.

Element A (atomic number 100)
Element B (atomic number 110)

A

True

Radiology (35 decks)

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