Ionizing Radiation

Question 1

What is matter?

Answer 1

Anything that has mass and occupies a space

Question 2

The _____ is the basic unit of all
matter

Answer 2

atom

Question 3

What is in the nucleus of an atom?

Answer 3

Protons + Neutrons

Question 4

What is the atomic mass (A)?

Answer 4

Number of protons + neutrons

Question 5

What is the atomic number (Z)?

Answer 5

Number of protons

• determines identity of the atom

Question 6

Protons and electrons are the same # in a _______ atom

Answer 6

neutral

Question 7

What is the binding energy?

Answer 7

The amount of energy required to remove an electron from its shell.

Question 8

What is binding energy measured in?

Answer 8

electron Volts (eV)

Question 9

Within a given atom, inner shells electrons are _____ tightly bound

Answer 9

more

Question 10

The more protons (higher atomic number) the electrons are ______ tightly bound

Answer 10

more

Question 11

What is ionization?

Answer 11

Process of forming a positive and negative ion by removal of an electron from an neutral atom

Question 12

If a neutral atom loses an electron becomes a ________ ion and the free
electron becomes a ________ ion.

Answer 12

positive
negative

Question 13

What is radiation?

Answer 13

the transmission of energy through space (vacuum) and matter

Question 14

What are the two forms/theories of radiation?

Answer 14

wave theory or quantum (particles) theory

Question 15

Which radiation theory explains the propagation of radiation?

Answer 15

wave theory

Question 16

Which radiation theory explains the interaction of radiation with matter?

Answer 16

quantum theory

Question 17

Which theory concerns electromagnetic radiation?

Answer 17

wave theory

Question 18

What is the distance between two successive crests?

Answer 18

wavelength

Question 19

What is the number of wavelengths passing a particular point in time?

Answer 19

frequency

Question 20

High energy radiation: _____ frequency, _____ wavelength

Answer 20

High frequency
short wavelength

Question 21

Low energy radiation: ____ frequency, _____ wavelength

Answer 21

Low frequency
Long wavelength

Question 22

What is the speed of radiation in wave theory?

Answer 22

speed of light

Question 23

How are wavelength and frequency related in the wave theory of radiation?

Answer 23

inversely proportional

Question 24

What is the definition of non-ionizing waves?

Answer 24

Does not have sufficient energy to eject an electron from the shells

Question 25

What are examples of non-ionizing waves?

Answer 25

- radio waves - microwaves - infrared radiation - visible light - UV

Question 26

What are examples of ionizing waves?

Answer 26

- x-rays - gamma rays - a little UV

Question 27

What are the different types of waves?

Answer 27

Question 28

What is quantum theory?

Answer 28

explains the interaction of radiation with matter

Question 29

Quantum theory considers radiation as small discrete bundles of energy called...

Answer 29

photons

Question 30

Each photon has...

Answer 30

- energy (eV) - mass - travels in straight lines at the speed of light

Question 31

Quantum theory of radiation has particles that are usually charged besides...

Answer 31

neutrons and x-rays

Question 32

What is energy in the wave theory equation?

Answer 32

Directly proportional to frequency, inversely proportional to wavelength.

Question 33

High frequency means short wavelength → _____ energy

Answer 33

High

Question 34

Low frequency means long wavelength → ____ energy

Answer 34

Low

Question 35

What are other examples of particles/photons in the quantum theory of radiation?

Answer 35

alpha beta+ beta- electron neutron proton

Question 36

Which photon has the most charge, most weight, and is very useful in cancer treatment?

Answer 36

alpha particle

Question 37

What is linear energy transfer (LET)?

Answer 37

Rate of loss of energy from a particle as it moves through matter

Question 38

What is best for creating an image: low LET or high LET?

Answer 38

low LET

Question 39

What changes linear energy transfer (LET)?

Answer 39

Depends on velocity, charge and size

Question 40

______ velocity ______ charge _______ size = greater LET

Answer 40

lower velocity higher charge bigger size

Question 41

Higher linear energy transfer (LET) has _____ penetration

Answer 41

less

Question 42

Why do higher LET have less penetration?

Answer 42

they lose their energy after short distances

Question 43

What are x-rays? (according to wave theory)

Answer 43

They are weightless packages of pure energy (photons) without an electrical charge which travel in waves with a specific frequency and wavelength at the speed of light and are able to ionize matter.

Question 44

What are the properties of x-rays?

Answer 44

1. Invisible, weightless (depends on theory), no electric charge 2. Travels in straight lines. (depends on theory) 3. Travel at the speed of light 4. Highly penetrating (short wavelengths = 0.01-0.1nm) 5. Differentially absorbed by matter 6. Can ionize matter 7. Produce biological changes

Question 45

X-rays travel in straight lines but in what direction?

Answer 45

X-ray beam diverges over distance

Question 46

X-rays have a high or low LET

Answer 46

low LET

Question 47

What is excitation?

Answer 47

When the transferred energy is not sufficient to overcome binding energy, electron is NOT ejected

Question 48

What happens after an electron is excited but not ionized?

Answer 48

Instantaneously gives up this excess energy and returns to ground level

Question 49

The binding energy is: a. The minimum energy required to remove an electron from its shell b. The maximum energy required to remove an electron from its shell c. The minimum energy required to remove a proton from the nucleus d. The maximum energy required to remove a proton from the nucleus

Answer 49

a. The minimum energy required to remove an electron from its shell

Question 50

Which of the following is false regarding the wave theory of x-radiation? a. X-rays have a mass b. Increased frequency means short wavelengths c. X-rays travel at the speed of light in a vacuum d. The waves are formed as a combination of electro and magnetic fields

Answer 50

a. X-rays have a mass

Question 51

The higher the mass and charge, the higher the LET – True – False

Answer 51

– True

Question 52

Microwaves are ionizing – True – False

Answer 52

False

Question 53

Considering elements A and B. Is the following statement true or false? – To remove an electron from the K shell of element B requires more energy than element A. Element A (atomic number 100) Element B (atomic number 110)

Answer 53

True