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Radiology > Dose Reduction Mechanisms > Flashcards

Dose Reduction Mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

What are the goals for oral and maxillofacial radiology?

A
  1. Reduce radiation exposure
  2. Maintain a high degree of diagnostic efficiency
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2
Q

What is the guide principle for radiation protection?

A

As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)

● Since the probability or severity of biological damage increases as the radiation dose increases, it is desirable to avoid receiving even the smallest dose of radiation unnecessarily.

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3
Q

What are the mandated dose reduction mechanisms for the x-ray tube head?

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Collimation
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4
Q

What is filtration?

A
  • Selective passage of contents through a specified substance
  • Selectively removes a greater proportion of low keV x-ray photons
  • Increases mean energy of the beam
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5
Q

Filtration ________ the mean energy of the beam

A

increases

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6
Q

Filtration selectively removes a greater proportion of _____ keV x-ray photons

A

low

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7
Q

What are the mandated minimum total filtrations for x-ray tubes?

A
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8
Q

What is the maximum diameter of beam collimation on the exit side?

A

2.75 inches

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9
Q

What are the dose reduction mechanisms for x-ray tube heads?

A
  1. Rectangular collimator
  2. High kV generator/transformer
  3. Constant potential (DC) fully rectified
  4. Increased focal length
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10
Q

What is the preferred shape for a collimator?

A

rectangle

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11
Q

AREA EXPOSED is related to the
__________ size of the beam

A

maximum

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12
Q

effective dose is reflective of the __________ technique

A

specific

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13
Q

The higher the kV the _____ the dose

A

Lower

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14
Q

What are the benefits of increased focal length/Long BID

A
  1. 27% less head volume
  2. reduced effective dose
  3. sharper image
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15
Q

What are the practice options of dose reduction mechanisms?

A
  1. Sensor speed (sensitivity)
  2. Lead (Pb) thyroid collar
  3. Film-holding devices with beam alignment capability
  4. Time-temperature or digital quality control processing
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16
Q

What are the different speed films?

A
  • “D” speed (Ultraspeed)
  • “E” speed
  • “F” speed (Insight)
  • digital receptors
    — PSP
    — CCD
    — CMOS
17
Q

What are the parts of the PSP plates for the air techniques?

A
  • ScanX PSP plates
  • Barrier Envelopes
  • Plate Transfer Box
18
Q

What are the options for patient protection?

A
  • Lead apron
  • Thyroid collar
19
Q

What are the recommendations for patient shielding during dentomaxillofacial radiology?

A
  • discontinuing shielding of the gonads, pelvic structures, and fetuses during all dentomaxillofacial radiographic imaging procedures
  • thyroid shielding not be used during intraoral, panoramic, cephalometric, and CBCT imaging as the risks of thyroid cancer are negligible from contemporary maxillofacial imaging radiation doses
20
Q

During an exposure taken with a wall-mounted x-ray unit, the operator shall…

A

stand behind a protective barrier

21
Q

If a barrier is not present, the operator shall stand at least ____ feet from the patient and at an angle between 90° - 135° to the direction of the useful beam.

A

six

22
Q

An operator should never stand in the _______ beam

A

primary

23
Q

_________ badges will be worn by all full-time operators of radiographic equipment while x-ray exposures are being made.

A

Dosimeter

24
Q

Annual occupational whole body exposure will not exceed ____ mSv

A

50

25
Q

Operators who have declared a pregnancy will not receive more than __ mSv to the embryo or fetus during the term of the pregnancy.

A

5

26
Q

What are the types of handheld x-ray units?

A

The NOMAD, NOMAD Pro and NOMAD Pro II are self-contained, hand-held, portable dental X-ray units.

27
Q

How does the nomad device violate radiology statutes?

A
  • During each exposure, the operator shall stand at least 6 feet from the patient or behind a protective barrier
  • Neither the tube housing nor the position indicating device (cone, cylinder) shall be hand-held during exposure
27
Q

NOMAD Use _______ current radiology statutes

A

Violates

28
Q

A _____________ must be permanently mounted to the cone of a handheld x-ray unit and used at all times during radiographic exposure.

A

backscatter shield

29
Q

What are the exemptions for licensed handheld units?

A
  • A backscatter shield must be permanently mounted to the cone and used at all times during radiographic exposure.
  • Operators must wear a personnel monitor device that is evaluated monthly.
  • All personnel must receive training in the safe use of these X-ray systems, and records of the training kept for review.
30
Q

What are the primary features of a NOMAD Pro?

A
31
Q

Maximize the operator’s area
of protection while using a handheld x-ray unit by doing the
following:

A
  • Place the backscatter shield at the end of the PID
  • Align the PID close to the patient.
  • Keep all body parts within the area of the shield’s protection.
32
Q

More operator exposure if the
sensor does or does not parallel the standing position of the operator

A

DOES NOT

33
Q

Less operator exposure and better shield protection, if the sensor DOES _______ the standing position of the operator

A

parallel

Radiology (39 decks)

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