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Bio 223A > Io 223 Eaxm 3 Other > Flashcards

Io 223 Eaxm 3 Other Flashcards

1
Q

What could change dramatically the potential across the plasma membrane?

A

action potential

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2
Q

what would increase the
permeability of sodium ions?

A

diffusion, k+ concentration and Na+ concentration

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3
Q

What would happen if you had increased potassium concentration
outside the plasma membrane?

A

depolarization

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4
Q

If the resting
membrane potential becomes more negative, what has happened?

A

hyper polarization

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5
Q

What causes depolarization?

A

Na channels opening and Na+ entering the cell

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6
Q

What results if
acetylcholine binds to a membrane bound receptor?
Hyperpolarization, depolarization, etc?

A

it opens the ligand gated Na+ channels, resulting in depolarization

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7
Q

What would happen if you have lack of acetylcholinesteras e in synaptic cleft?

A

the acetylcholine could not be broken down, resulting in the muscle not being able to relax

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8
Q

If you use a drug that blocks acetylcholine receptors, what would that result in?

A

no contractions

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9
Q

If someone has tetanic muscle contractions (tetanus), what happened on the post-synaptic region? Is it more acetylcholine caused the
contractions?

A

yes, excessive release of acetylcholine

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10
Q

What is the T-tubule?

A

invagination of the sar colemma

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11
Q

What is the
passageway for calcium from the sarcolemma?

A

terminal cisternae

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12
Q

What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

A

calcium binds to troponin

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13
Q

Which fibers slide on which fiber during muscle contraction?

A

myosin on actin

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14
Q

What should happen to the active sites in order for muscle relaxation to occur?

A

myosin heads need to release from actin active sites

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15
Q

If you use a drug that interferes with the active transport of calcium ions from
the sarcoplasm back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, what would this result in?

A

contraction with no relaxation

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16
Q

What is an ATP molecule required for?

A

to release myosin heads from actin active site, to pump calcium back into SR

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17
Q

Where does calcium go after muscle contraction
has occurred?

A

back into the SR

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18
Q

What would happen if sodium ions could not enter a muscle fiber in response to a stimulus?

A

there would be no contraction

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19
Q

What happens during the contraction phase of a muscle twitch?

A

cross bridge cycles generate tension

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20
Q

What is the latent phase of a muscle twitch?

A

the time it takes the action potential to propagate across the sarcolemma

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21
Q

What happens during the relaxation phase of a muscle twitch?

A

calcium ions are reduced in the cytosol by SR pump and tension diminishes

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22
Q

When do cross-bridges form?

A

when the myosin head attaches to the actin active site

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23
Q

What chases tetanus?

A

action potentials being sent down a motor neuron with such high frequency that there is no relaxation

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24
Q

Depolarize

A

inside is not completely negative, not in resting membrane potential

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25
Repolarize
return of the membrane potential to its resting state after the nerve impulse
26
Hyperpolarize
make the membrane more negative
27
What is troponin and what is its binding site for?
Holds tropomyosin, turns contractions on and off
28
what is troponin's binding site for?
Calcium
29
I-band
thin filaments only
30
M-line
middle of sarcomere
31
h-zone
thick filaments only
32
A-band
has both thick and thin filaments
33
z-disc
separates sarcomeres
34
What do we find in the pre-synaptic terminal?
vesicles with ACh
35
What do we find in the post-synaptic terminal?
ligand-gated Na+ channel
36
What results from the electric signals that are called action potentials?
muscle contration
37
What is contractility?
ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated
38
what is excitability?
ability to respond to a stimulus
39
what is elasticity?
ability to recoil to resting length
40
what is extensibility?
ability to be stretched without rupture
41
What is the similarity between cardiac and smooth muscle?
they are both involuntary
42
what is fascia?
the fibrous tissue enclosing a muscle
43
what is an endomysium?
tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers
44
what is perimysium?
connective tissue that surrounds fascicles.
45
what is epimysium?
surrounds entire muscle
46
What happens during the resting membrane potential?
there will be equal positive (outside) and negative charges (inside) on the cell membrane.
47
What are ligand gated channels?
channels that respond to chemical messengers/ i ligands
48
What are voltage gated channels?
channels that open and close in response to changest i in membrane potential of plasma membrane
49
When we have depolarization of a cell membrane, which ion has rapid influx?
Na+
50
What are non-gated channels?
channels that are always open, leak channels
51
What do synaptic vesicles contain?
acetylcholine
52
What happens when an action potential reaches the pre-synaptic terminal?
acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft
53
What would happen if you had too much acetylcholinesteras e?
no contraction
54
What would happen if you used a drug that blocked acetylcholine receptors at the motor-end plate?
the ligand-gated channels wouldn't open, there would be no contraction
55
What is Treppe?
when a muscle receives successive stimuli, the strength of the contraction increases slightly with each stimulus
56
What is complete tetanus?
no relaxation between contractions
57
What is incomplete tetanus?
muscle fibers partially relax between contraction
58
What is muscle tone?
constant tension by muscles for long periods of time
59
When a muscle performs concentric contractions, what happens to the tension it produces as it shortens?
it remains constant
60
What is psychological fatigue?
decreased capacity to work and reduced efficiency of performance due to the emotional state of an individual
61
What is rigor mortis?
stiffness after death, cross bridges form but can't release
62
What is lactic acid a byproduct of?
anaerobic glycolysis
63
What does oxygen debt represent?
Trying to replenish the cells that have used up their oxygen after exercise.
64
What is the affect of anaerobic activity?
increased oxidative enzymes, increased number of mitochondria, increased number of blood vessels
65
What would anaerobic activity do to your muscular strength?
increase it
66
do slow twitch fibers rely on aerobic or anaerobic respiration?
aerobic respiration
67
do fast twitch fibers rely on aerobic or anaerobic respiration?
anaerobic respiration
68
What affects does aerobic exercise have on slow-twitch fibers?
long distance, increases endurance and cardiovascular fitness
69
What affects does aerobic exercise have on fast-twitch fibers?
sprinting, ideal for quick contraction
70
What is muscle atrophy?
loss of muscle size and strength
71
What are cramps?
painful, involuntary twitches
72
What is muscular dystrophy?
a group of genetic diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass
73
What is the origin of a muscle?
anchoring point on a bone, where skeletal muscle "originates from"; typically not involved directly with movement of joint
74
What is the insertion of a muscle?
moving end of muscle whose tendon attaches to a bone or other structures, usually on far side of joint
75
what is agonist?
provide most force for a given muscle action
76
What is synergist?
aid agonists by supplying supplemental force, minimizing unwanted movement, and by helping to stabilize joints, all of which provide for more efficient movement
77
what is an antagonist?
usually on opposite side of bones and joint where they meet, have opposite action of agonist; allows for modulation and control of agonist movement
78
what is a fixator
provide stabilizing force that anchors a bone; provides movement efficiency and protection from injury due to unnecessary movements
79
What do we call muscles that have their fasciculi arranged like barbs of a feather along a common tendon?
pennate
80
What kind of muscles act as a sphincter?
circular fascicle
81
The muscle extensor digitorum longus is named on what basis?
size, location and action
82
What is the muscle trapezius named for? Shape? Length? Function?
Shape
83
When you say quadracep femoris, what is the name based on?
four-headed muscle and location
84
If you hyperextend your head, which class lever system does it represent?
first class lever
85
If you flex your elbow, which class lever system does it represent?
third class lever
86
If you contract your left sternocleidomastoid, what would happen to your head?
it would rotate right
87
Raising your eyebrows is the action of which muscle?
Frontalis
88
Puckering your lips?
orbicularis oris
89
which muscle is used for chewing gum?
Masseter
90
If you have hypertrophied mentalis muscle, what would you have?
Dimpled chin
91
What is the major movement of a muscle that is used during breathing?
diaphragm
92
What are the muscles of the rotator cuff?
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
93
Function of the rotator cuff?
stabilize shoulder joint
94
What type of contractions would your abdominal muscles do against your vertebral column (vomiting, childbirth, defecation, etc.)?
isometric contractions
95
Someone injures their shoulder hitting a ball high up, which muscle of the rotator cuff would be damaged?
supraspinatus
96
What muscle raises your arm to your shoulder level?
deltoid
97
Which muscle group in your forearm are flexors?
flexor carpi
98
Which muscle group in your forearm are extensors?
extensor carpi ulnaris
99
What muscle flexes the wrist?
flexor carpus radialis, flexor carpus ulnaris, and palmaris longus
100
Extensor policis radialis, what does this muscle move?
extends the thumb
101
you're a sprinter and you hold your stance, which one of your muscles is contracted? Gluteus minimus or maximus?
gluteus maximus
102
What is the largest buttock muscle?
gluteus maximus
103
What is the site for gluteal injection?
gluteus medius
104
If you give an injection on the interior aspect of your thigh, what muscle are you injecting?
rectus femoris
105
What muscle constitute the quadracep femoris?
rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis
106
Biceps femoris make up which muscle group?
hamstrings
107
Which muscles close the bulging of the calf?
gastrocnemius and soleus
108
What muscle is inserted on the calcaneus by the Achilles tendon?
gastrocnemius
109
What is the function of the tensor fascia flexion latae?
hip joint flexion, abduction, medial rotation: assists in flexion of the thigh
110
absolute refractory period
the minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin.
111
Refractory period
the time where the muscle does not respond to stimulus.
112
relative refractory period
a period after firing when a neuron is returning to its normal polarized state and will fire again only if the incoming message is much stronger than usual
113
Types of muscles
Smooth, cardiac, skeletal
114
What is triad?
Two terminal cisternae and a t tubule

Bio 223A (15 decks)

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