Bio 223 A Exam 4 Review Quiz Flashcards
A lesion in the brain stem resulting in a rapid heart rate and elevated BP would be located in what part of the brain?
Medulla Oblongata
Which part of the brain stem is continuous with the spinal cord?
Medulla Oblongata
A person with a lesion in the brain exhibited normal tension, disturbed fine motor skills, and tremors when reaching for objects. What part of the brain is damaged?
Cerebellum
Which two portions of the brain are involved in controlling respiration?
Pons and Medulla Oblongata
What do we call the white matter of the cerebellum?
Arbor vitae
Most sensory input that ascends through the spinal cord and brainstem projects to what?
Thalamus
Your pt has an eating disorder along with intense thirst and widely varying body temperatures which means they may have dysfunction of what?
Hypothalamus
A 12-year-old young boy exhibits reduced metabolism, lack of normal gland development, inability to regulate intake of water, and uncontrolled appetite?
Hypothalamus
What is the sequence of the brain stem from the diencephalon downward?
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata, Spinal Cord
What is the large C-shaped mass of white matter that consists of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres?
Corpus Callosun
What structure acts as a gateway for impulses before they reach the cerebral cortex?
Thalamus
What structure produces CSF( Cerebral Spinal Fluid)
Choroid plexus found in ventricles
Which region of the cerebral cortex controls motor speech?
Broca’s area
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for visual interpretation?
Occipital
Which part of the brain stem is continuous with the spinal cord?
Medulla Oblongata
The cerebral aqueduct connects which structures?
Third and fourth ventricles
Neurons that have a single axon and single dendrite are called what
Bipolar
Your pt is being treated for a neurological condition with a specific drug that targets neurons deep in the brain, which glial cell must be bypassed in order for the drug to be effective?
Astrocytes ( BBB)
Hydrocephalus is a condition whereby CSF accumulates around the brain, which supportive cells continue despite it backing up in the subarachnoid space?
Ependymal cells
What does the central nervous system include?
Brain and spine cord
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder in which the myelin sheaths in the axons of the neurons of the CNS are destroyed, which neuroglial cell is damaged?
Oligodendrocytes
What are gaps in the myelin sheath called?
Nodes of Ranvier
How many pairs of cranial and spinal nerves are there?
12 cranial, 31 spinal
What structure in the brain controls body temperature regulation?
Hypothalamus
What is the thickest layer of the meninges called?
Dura Matter
Saltatory conduction of an action potential means what?
Jumps from node to node
Which division of the PNS conveys action potentials to the CNS
Sensory division
What does the CNS consist of?
Brain and spinal cord
Damage to what part of the brain would affect sensory projection to the cerebral cortex?
Thalamus
Which division of the PNS transmits impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles and glands?
Efferent (motor) division
What do we call the junction of a neuron to another cell?
Synapse, Synapse, Neurojunction
What structure senses the external environment and is the input part of a neuron?
Dendrites
What structures are included in the PNS?
Cranial and spinal nerves
Where are the neurotransmitters released from?
Presynaptic Terminal
What structure connects the medulla to the midbrain?
Pons
Sensory
Afferent division
Motor
Efferent division
Structurally, what is the simplest reflex?
Stretch
What is the reflex that prevents excessive tension in a muscle?
Golgi tendon reflexes
What is the conus medullaris?
Tapered end of spinal cord
What is the reflex that protects limbs by removing them from painful stimuli?
Withdraw
How many cervical spinal nerves are there?
8 pairs
When a person hits their funny bone, which nerve is temporarily damaged?
Ulnar
If there is an injury to the wrist which results in edema in the carpal tunnel, what nerve would be compressed?
Medial nerve
What is the middle thin spider-like layer of meninges?
Arachnoid
Which cranial nerves are exclusively sensory?
Olfactory, optic, vestibulocochlear
Facial expression is regulated by which nerve?
Facial nerve
A deer hunter lost hearing in his right ear when his gun exploded, which nerve was damaged?
Vestibulocochlear
If your pt is unable to raise their shoulder, which nerve is damaged?
Spinal accessory
If Broca’s area is damaged, what would be the result?
Loss of the ability to speak
The sensory root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as what?
Dorsal root
What does the abducens nerve do?
Lateral eye movement
Which nerve has branches that extend to the thoracic and abdominal viscera?
Vagus nerve
When you lick frosting off a knife and find it to be sweet, which cranial nerve is involved?
Facial
The perception of position and movement of body parts is known as?
Proprioception
What does the nervous system do for us?
Transmits signal , between the brain and rest of the body ( ability to move, breath, think)
What part of our brain is responsible for problem solving skills?
Cerebral cortex, frontal lobe
What is the space found between the vertebral wall and dura mater referred to as?
Epidural space
Where does the spinal cord end?
Lumbar spine L1 or L2 ( Where conus medulla ribs begins)
A weightlifter is curling very heavy weights and suddenly drops them, which reflex made this possible?
Golgi tendon reflux
What does the endoneurium cover?
Individual nerve fibers
When a person hits their funny bone, which nerve is temporarily damaged?
Ulnar nerve
Which group (plexus) does the sciatic nerve come from?
Sacral plexus
During a spinal tap, CSF is obtained from which part of the spinal cord?
Subarachnoid space
Which division of the PNS conveys action potentials to the CNS?
Sensory afferent division
What do we call the neuron in the CNS that carries AP from one neuron to another?
Interneuron or association neuron
What are gaps in the myelin sheath called?
Nodes of ranvier
What cells would be active if you had an infection in the brain?
Microglial
Gray matter on the surface of the brain is called?
Cerebral cortex
What happens to a neuron during hyperpolarization?
Becomes more negative than the normal resting potential
Depolarization happens when a cell membrane has rapid influx of what?
Sodium ions
What happens during the absolute refractory period?
Neuron can not respond to another stimulus
Stimulus either causes an action potential or it does not, what is this called?
Jumps from node to node principle
Where are the neurotransmitters released from?
Presynaptic terminal
Ion responsible for the release of neurotransmitters?
Calcium
What is IPSP?
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential ( closer to threshold)
What is EPSP?
Excitatory postsynaptic potential (closer to threshold)
Local anesthetics decrease membrane permeability of sodium ions which causes what?
No action potential can be generated, numbs muscles so you do not sense the pain
Why is IPSP inhibitory?
More hyper polarized
If you have five action potentials that arrive at the same synapse in very close succession, what would happen?
Temporal summation occurs
What portion of the brain stem is continuous with the spinal cord?
Medulla Oblongata
What connects the medulla to the midbrain?
Pons
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Balance and fine motor coordination
What’s the stock that connects the hypothalamus to the hypophysis (pituitary gland)?
Infundibulum
Sensory input sending through the spinal cord projects to where?
Thalamus
Elevated parts of the cortex are called?
Gyrus or gyri ( increase surface area)
The matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum is called?
Cerebral cortex
C-shaped mass of white matter that consists of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres?
Corpus callosum
The cerebral aqueduct connects which structures?
Third and fourth ventricles
If the flu increases membrane permeability to potassium, what happens to the cells?
They would hyper polarized
Where is the white and grey matter located in the brain
White- inside
Grey-outside
Where is the white and grey matter in the spinal cord?
White- outside
Grey- inside
If the local potential of a neuron goes to -80mv what would happen?
Would become hyper polarized
If you have rapid removal of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft, what would happen?
No action potential would occur in postsynaptic membrane
What’s the function of acetylcholinesterase?
To break down acetylcholine
Viagra prolongs the effect of what?
Nitrous oxide
Synaptic vesicles are found where?
Presynaptic neurons
What type of neuroglial cells provide support and nutrition to the sensory ganglia in the PNS?
Satellite cells
What enables the rapid transmission of action potentials down an axon?
Myelin
What are the neurotransmitters found in the brain?
Serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, endorphins
What does the abducens nerve do?
Eye movement
Which nerve has branches that extend to the thoracic and abdominal viscera?
Vagus nerve
During a spinal tap, CSF is obtained from which part of the spinal cord?
Subarachnoid space
What branch do we get from the sciatic nerve?
Tibial nerve, common fibular nerve
Where does the spinal cord begin?
Foramen Magnum
