Bio 223A Exam 2 Part 3 Flashcards
Chapter 8
What is a joint?
Where two bones meet
What is a symphysis?
Two bones joined by fibrocartilage
where do we find the symphysis pubis?
In the pelvis
Where do you find the atlanto-axial joint?
Cervical spine
Joint functional classifications
Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
Synarthrosis joint classification
Does not allow any movement between articulating bones
Amphiarthrosis
Allows only a small amount of movement between articulating bones
Diarthrosis
Freely moveable, allowing a wide variety of specific movements
Joint structural classifications
Fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, synovial joints
Fibrous joints
Fastened together by den regular collagenous connective tissue without a joint space between articulating bones; can be synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis
Cartilaginous joints
Fastned tougher with cartilage without a joint space; can be synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis
Synovial joints
Diarthrosis joints have layer of hyaline cartilage on articulating surface of each bone joint space is a fluid-filled cavity found between articulating bones
Suture
Immovable joint between edges of bones that make up cranium; fully fused sutures are very stable, well suited for protecting brain
What is gomphosis?
Immovable joint between each tooth and its bony socket in jaw
What is periodontal ligament
Strong fibrous membrane that links tooth firmly to jaw
What is a synostosis joint?
Synarthrotic, totally rigid, immovable joint that forms when bones fuse, bone replaces the cartilaginous connection
Syndesmosis
Joint between tibia, fibula , ulna and radius; bones are joined by an interosseous membrane or ligament composed of dense regular collagenous connective tissue, which allows for small amount of movement
What type of joints are the joints in the appendicular skeleton?
Synovial joints
What is the purpose of synovial fluid?
Lubricates the joint and reduces friction
An example of where brusa is found?
Shoulders
What is the function bursa?
Reduce friction between all moving parts associated with joints
Tendon sheath
Long brusa that surrounds tendons; protects tendons as they slide across joint during movement
Where are epiphyseal plates found?
Ends of long bones, where growth happens
Synchondrosis
Consists of bones linked together by hyaline cartilage
Epiphyseal plates
Composed of hyaline cartilage that connect diaphysis and epiphysis of developing long bones; replaced with bone during maturation
What joints do knees have?
Complex ellipsoid joint
What type of joints are most moveable?
Diarthroses, synovial joints
Joint cavity( Synovial cavity)
Space found between articulating bones
Articular capsule
Double-layered structure, outer fibrous layer keeps articulating bones from being pulled apart and isolates joints from rest of the body, inner layer ( Synovial membrane) lines entire inner surface expect where hyaline cartilage is present
What do the cells in the synovial membrane secrete?
Synovial Fluid
When you bow your head, what type of movement is that?
Synovial fluid, the movement is cervical flexion
What type of tissue are ligaments?
Dense, regular, collagenous connective tissue
What type of tissue are tendons?
Dense regular collagenous connective tissue.
Example of uniaxial joint
Elbow
Example of biaxial joint
Phalanges
Example of multiaxial joint
Shoulder
Gliding movement of synovial joints?
Carpals, tarsals, vertebrae, sliding motion between non axial surfaces
Angular movements of synovial joints
Increase or decrease angle between articulating bones
Flexion synovial joint
Brings articulating bones closer to one another ( Lifting weights into body )
Extension of synovial joint
Articulating bones move away from each other( lifting eights outwards of the body)
What is plantar flexion?
Extension of the ankle so that the foot points down and away form the leg
What is dorsiflexion?
Backward bending and contracting of you hand or foot( stretching your foot up and down)
What is hyperextension?
Extension beyond anatomical position of joint
What is the opposite of extension?
Flexion
Abduction
Moving body part away from midline
Adduction
Moving body part towards midline
Circumduction
Circular movement of a limb at the far end ( Anatomical position moving far in circular motion)
Rotation
Nonsingular motion in which bone rotates on imaginary lines
( Head moves side to side, foot twist side to side)
Opposition
Moving thumb towards palm
Reposition
returning thumb to anatomical position
Depression
Movement of the body part in inferior direction
Elevation
Movement of the body part in superior direction
Protraction
Moves body in a posterior direction
Inversion
Rotational motion in which foot up moves medially
Eversion
Foot rotates laterally away from midline
Dorsiflexion
Angle between foot and leg decrease ( Rockstar)
Plantarflexion
Angel between foot and leg increases, (Ballerina)
Supination
Rotation that moves palms forward
Pronation
turning the palm downward
What is the TMJ joint?
Temporomandibular joint
How is the TMJ joint formed by the mandible?
Articular tubercle of temporal bone and condyle of the mandible
Where is the rotator cuff found?
Shoulder joint, scapula
What does the rotator cuff provide?
Most of the joints structural stabilization and strength
What type of movements are possible with the hip joint?
Multiaxial movements , flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and hip rotation
Where do you find the ligamentum teres?
Head of femur
Acetabulum bones
Ilium, ischium, pubis
What do the ligaments try to provide?
Strongest ligament
What does the anterior cruciate ( ACL) ligament do?
Helps stabilize the knee
What Are meniscus and (MCL) found?
Knee
What do the meniscus and medial collateral ligament ( MCL) connect?
Femur and tibia
Unhappy triad
Lateral blow to knee can tear the anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament and the medial meniscus
What is the function of the 3 arches of the foot?
Structural support, shock absorption, and flexibility for weight-bearing activities
Three arches of the foot
transverse, medial, lateral
What is arthritis?
Inflation of the joints
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
Inflammation in the joints resulting in painful deformity and immobility, especially in fingers, wrists, feet and ankles
What is gout?
Systemic disease caused by the buildup of uric acid in the blood ( Hyperuricemia)
What is the usual cause of osteoarthritis?
Wear and tear
